Early Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among Children

Early Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number: s2875363 Student name: Kate O’Reilly Course name: CCJ10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology Enrollment: External, Griffith University Course convener: Dr. Myesa Knox Mahoney Course tutor: Domanic De Andrade Date due: Wed 23rd Jan 2013 Word count: 1430 It has been widely acknowledged that crime has consequences for individuals and society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).So it has been widely accepted that children and adolescents with antisocial behaviour are a societal problem (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Antisocial behavior is characterised by violent offences such as robbery and assault causing harm to not only its victims but to society as well (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Society pays the price for crime not only in loss of personal effects and medical costs but also in the cost of incarceration to the tax payers (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).It is the antisocial behaviour, that is targeted in early interventions, in an attempt to diminish delinquency (Hollin & Palmer, 2009). Studies have been undertaken that provide evidence that intervention is effective and benefits the whole of society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). In this essay, focus will be drawn specifically to intervention and it’s part in curbing recidivism in juvenile offenders.The impact of early intervention for young offenders will be explored in detail, and some examples of early interventions, how and why they work, will be examined and this research will support the success of early interventions and their effectiveness in fighting recidivism. In exploring the rationale of young offenders we uncover reasons why early intervention can lessen the rate of recidivism and in some cases effectively quell re offending. Research has been conducted showing that the brains growth does not stop before at least the early twenties (Buchen, 2012).This means that adolescents are far more likely to act befor e considering the consequences, they are impetuous, and easily influenced by their peers (Buchen, 2012). Now more than ever campaigners for youths are working towards less punishment and more importantly far more opportunity for intervention or rehabilitation (Buchen, 2012). Research into crime has shown that criminal activities occurring in adulthood have been found to follow a youth’s career of criminal activity and antisocial behaviour, developing into an adult re-offender, (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).Youth offenders show predictors early in life that include the sex, race and ethnicity of the juvenile, as well as aggression, and antisocial behaviour in childhood (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). They can be coerced to offend simply because of stressors in their lives (Sealock & Manasse, 2012). In some cases studies have enabled prediction of delinquency that can then allow prevention of youth involvement in the juvenile justice system all together, (Sealock & Manasse, 2012).Where this is not the case and a young person is incarcerated, early intervention is required to curb re-offenders. Mentally ill juveniles will offend three times as often as other juveniles, and for these offenders imprisonment can be fruitless causing significant increase in symptoms instead of reversing environmental damage and improving their skills as it is intended (Erickson, 2012). This puts them further at risk are mentally ill juveniles, for whom demanding life events, such as loss of job or family breakdown, will often lead to violence as a response (Markowitz, 2011).For these mentally ill youths social opportunities can be limited, they will have difficulty finding a job, stable accommodation and a support network (Markowitz, 2011). There often limited opportunities for intervention before the fact (Markowitz, 2011). Because of this some offenders tend towards homelessness and crimes of survival such as shoplifting and trespassing, some committing these non-violent crimes as a way of s eeking intervention they would not otherwise have access to (Hinday, 1997).Symptoms of mental illness include; impulsivity and impaired judgment and can cause already hotheaded youths to act in antisocial ways (Hinday, 1997). A form of intervention that continually arises in research looking at young offenders is the use of cognitive behavioural therapy or modification. Cognitive Behavioural therapy is founded on social learning, and adopts the theory that offenders have learned unsuitable ways of behaving due to their environment (McGuire, 2003).Many intervention plans include this type of treatment, sometimes coupled with psychiatric treatments (Jones, Chancey, Lowe & Risler, 2010). Cognitive behavioural techniques encourage offenders to think through a situation, instead of ensuing their immediate response. A reaction that can often be impetuous and self-centered attitudes that increase the likelihood of anti-social behavior (McGuire, 2003). In cognitive behavioural therapy an of fenders learning is conditioned, they are trained to eradicate maladaptive actions (McGuire, 2003).Cognitive, rehabilitation or intervention programs aim to bring changes to youth offenders (Jones et al. , 2010). Young adults, who spend time incarcerated, carry with them a high likelihood of recidivism when they return from correctional facilities and attempt to transition back into society, (James, Stams, Asscher, De Roo &Van der Laan, 2013). Research has provided a variety of reasons as too why juveniles find it so difficult when re engaging with society, one important reason explained by James et al,. 2013) is that not only are they coming to terms with the challenges of relocation from a juvenile facility back into every day life but they are doing this while simultaneously coping with the move from adolescents into adult hood. Helmond et al. , (2012) Discusses an intervention program constructed by cognitive-behavioural therapy called EQUIP, a program designed to communicate to young antisocial offenders who would be reintegrating into society, ways of acting and thinking responsibly. The EQUIP program is used in correctional facilities all over the world.EQUIP incorporates a positive peer culture in which parties want to support others due to developing feelings of responsibility for them. The main focus of EQUIP is to address mental misrepresentation, deficiencies, and social and moral skills (Helmond et al. , 2012). A private not-for-profit agency, Hillside in the US, is a provider of intervention services for mentally ill young people and their families or guardians (Jones et al. , 2010). This program includes community-based services and a residential treatment facility, which treats participants under a program called Interpersonal Skills Program (Jones et al. 2010). Treatment through this program includes structured framework, group therapy and individual therapy as well as family therapy (Jones et al. , 2010). Hillside’s program works on co gnitive behavioural treatment focusing on mental distortions, managing and assessing risk as well as avoiding situation leading to relapse (Jones et al. , 2010). For those adolescents in the justice system who require treatment for substance abuse, this can be a form of early intervention as offenders can be sent to juvenile drug court (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Substance abuse treatment programs in collaboration with the juvenile justice system provide this method of intervention where youths are educated and put through an intensive program of rehabilitation as opposed to incarceration (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). High recidivism amidst adolescents has encouraged the government to provide funding from the government to develop and maintain re-integration as intervention, following the lack of success using probation-only in the attempt to prevent adolescents re-offending (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). James, et al. (2013), found that this type of program referred to as after care has had great success when starting a program during incarceration and when aimed at youths with a high risk of re-offending. Another successful after care program was developed by the Robert Wood Johnson foundation and is called Reclaiming Futures (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). The program Reclaiming Futures deploys affirmative youth development and leadership building and efforts on leadership expansion in the community, a community that can offer assistance to bridge life in incarceration to life in society through constructive growth activities (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Something that Reclaiming Futures does well is bring together suitable intervention and the needs of the adolescent offenders, and this provides an empathetic network around young people with the result being rarer occasions of violations when in parole (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). Early interventions have been found to reduce the rate of recidivism when they target young offenders. As evidence suggests a career criminal is likely to beg in offending as a child, not suddenly as an adult.Therefore intervention that targets change of behaviours, physically and mentally at an early age, prove effective. Intervention is successful at an early age because medically, an individual’s brain does not stop developing until their late twenties. As a result, adolescents can react impulsively to situations, leading to antisocial and criminal behaviour then ultimately to prosecution. The chances of this situation arising are heightened in mentally ill youths however, by incorporating the various approaches of early intervention a program can be planned base on an individual needs assessment.This plan is determined by the offence committed, and requirements of the youth, and allows positive outcomes to be achieved. All research suggests that the affirmative results are the product of early interventions. References Buchen, L. (2012). Science in court : arrested development. Nature, 484(7394), 304-306. DOI:10. 1038/484304a E rickson, C. D. (2012). Using Systems of Care to Reduce Incarceration of Youth with Serious Mental Illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3-4), 404–416. DOI 10. 1007/s10464-011-9484-4 Gibbs, J. C. , Potter, G.B. , Barriga, A. Q. & Liau, A. K. (1996). Developing the helping skills and prosocial motivation of aggressive adolescents in peer group programs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(3), 283-305. DOI:  10. 1016/1359-1789(95)00018-6   Helmond, P. , Overbeek, G. & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9),1720–1728. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2012. 05. 001 Hiday,  V. A. 1997). Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence. International journal of law and psychiatry, 20(4), 399-417. DOI:  10. 1016/S0160-2527(97)00028-9   Hollin, C. R. & Palm er, E. J. (2009). Cognitive skills programmes for offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(2-3), 147-164. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/10683160802190871   James, C. , Stams, G. J. J. M. , Asscher, J. J. , De Roo, A. K. & Van Der Laan, P. H. (2013). Aftercare programs for reducing recidivism among juvenile and young adult offenders: A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 63–274. DOI:  10. 1016/j. cpr. 2012. 10. 013   Jones, C. D. , Chancey, R. , Lowe, A. & Risler, E. A. (2010). Residential Treatment for Sexually Abusive Youth: An Assessment of Treatment Outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice. 20(2), 172-182. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1177/1049731509333349     Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 16(1), 36–44. DOI:  10. 1016/j. avb. 2010. 10. 003   McGuire, J. (2003).Offender  Rehabilitation  and  Treatment  Effective Programmes an d Policies to Reduce Re-offending. Retrieved from http://www. swin. eblib. com. au. ezproxy. lib. swin. edu. au/patron/FullRecord. aspx? p=146239&echo=1&userid=znHAXBQDThLw9bSY1Xo67Q%3d%3d&tstamp=1358851968&id=4B65141F70B1486C0EA05198C182C8FA6D56A7DB Nissen, L. B. & Pearce, J. (2011). Exploring the implementation of justice-based alcohol and drug intervention strategies with juvenile offenders: Reclaiming Futures, enhanced adolescent substance abuse treatment, and juvenile drug courts.Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 60–65. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2011. 06. 014   Ou, S. ,& Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Childhood predictors of young adult male crime. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(8), 1097–1107. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2010. 02. 009   Sealock, M. D. & Manasse, M. (2012). An uneven playing field: The impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 238–248. DOI:  10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2012. 02. 002

Need and Success Essay

Success is something that most human always crave for, whether in the past or now. In the long history of human, there are many people who have got resounding success, and they have achieved their success in many ways, with different efforts. In my opinion, it is easier to be a success in the modern life because of these reasons. To begin with the first one, I would like to talk about the learning availability in different periods of time. Though success can be achieved in various ways, but being able to study in a good educating environment is a leading condition to reach the goal. In the past, it is hard for those who are poor or not in high social positions to join schools. The prejudice and the obsessive conception of the society at that time seemed to prevent studying. Being a success at that time was nearly impossible to most ancient people. In contrast, today there are many schools that are opened to all the people who want to study and afford the learning fee, hence the chanc e to get knowledge is much easier, so is the chance to be a success. Another reason I want to mention here is that there are more and more opportunities to get a success today. The world is changing every moment, which means that all positive abilities are needed in various fields. In addition, the society appreciates every ability that is carefully and deeply developed. A person only needs to concentrate on one field or even one skill to success. For example, if in the past, especially in Eastern countries, one needed to be good at both literature and art of fighting to be a mandarin, so today, a person only has to be good at composing poems to succeed; a Mathematic teacher in the past had to know well about both Geometry and Algebra, in contrary, today he who only highly concentrates on Geometry can be a good teacher. The last reason for my statement relates to the strain that the society puts on a person, which forces them to try harder to survive or only to satisfy themselves, this also makes them likely to succeed. Most people want to be the equality to their peers, and that makes them stressful or even embarrassed if they cannot be as successful or as well-off as the rest of the world. â€Å"They can do, why can’t me?† That is a common question that obsesses many persons at the first stage of their way to success. Jealousy is a powerful motivation for the try of many people, and is a root of many cases of success in the world today. To sum up, success has been sought by many human generations, and each person has his own way to get it. The difficulty level of getting success differentiates through times. In my opinion, one needs to try his best according to the condition of the era he is living to get success.

Literary analysis of hunger Games Book 1 Essay

In Susan Collins’s book the â€Å"Hunger Games† the character of Katniss Everdeen is considered by many to be an example of gender role reversal. Though Katniss does portrait many traits that may be considered masculine in and of themselves, she also portrays feminine traits. Her possession of these feminine even instinctually motherly traits steer my opinion to the thought that these traits are more due to her position in her family then to that of a girl who is tomboyish in nature. In this paper I will show that the behaviors of Katniss Everdeen are traits of an eldest child of a single parent household by assuming the roles of both mother and father as opposed to simply being characterized examples of gender role reversal. The book starts out explaining the back story of Katniss, her father who she was very close with died in a mine explosion five years before the books present day. Now she is left with a mother how is so overwhelmed with grief that she can barely function and a little sister who needs she to be raised. While her father was alive their relationship seem to be very similar to that of a father with no sons who tends to teach their daughter all they would teach a son, I know this relationship very well. While fathers love their daughters they seem to have this primal need for a son, an heir. Similar to other eldest female children when their fathers unexpectedly die, she had to step up and help her mother with the family, and in her case as is in some cases she has to be the parent. While I understand Katniss’s frustration over her mother’s actions after her father’s death, this is her reality and she deals with it and takes care of her family. The very first example of this new parental role in the book is the when Katniss narrates â€Å"The last thing I need is another mouth to feed† (3). Already we are seeing Katniss as the parental provider, she doesn’t say that the cat is the last thing they need, she says it’s the last thing she needs. Then she goes into talking about preparing the food, she has killed. Using the hunting skills her father had taught her, although hunting is considered a masculine activity, she hunts to feed her family to supplement their food stores due to shortages. Any spoils from her hunts left after supplying her family she sells in the â€Å"Hob† the black market (5), earning money to support her family as a father would. Even before the games begin Katniss begins to show concern for this young  girl Rue another tribute, maybe it is Rue’s age she was after about the age of Katniss’s little sister Prim. During the games there is a point where Katniss thinks that one of the kills she heard could have been Rue, you can hear the concern in her thoughts. In a game of survival where everyone is your enemy, Katniss bonds with Rue and tries to protect this little girl. They snuggle together for warmth at night and teach each other to survive by day. When Rue is killed Katniss with an almost maternal rage immediately kills Rue’s killer, this is the first actual kill for Katniss. Then she defies the rules and morns the death of Rue having a makeshift funeral for her and a song from Rues district. This was definitely a turning point for Katniss, she once again in her life had to block out emotion and focus on survival. At this point it was no longer a game of evasion for her it turn to a kill or be kill. Never the less, she maintained her compassion. Which was evident with Peeta, even though she was not sure of his truest intention when he was injured and being hunted she cared for him and protected him. Any other tribute may have left him for dead, but she didn’t. She tended to his wound, feed him, and defended him from the careers that were out to kill him risking her own life. Her actions are like that of an eldest child caring for younger or helpless needy siblings, I know personally I treat everyone in need of help as if they were one of my younger siblings. These are not traits of gender reversal these are traits of a protector a provider a parent. When our children wrong us we forgive and still focus on their protection and safety. When our children are in danger we find amazing strengths we never knew we possessed to protect them. When they hunger we find a way to feed them. Most importantly we survive the harshest of times, overcome the greatest of obstacles and sacrifice ourselves to return to those who need us most. Katniss is no different all she did she did to return to her family to ensure their survival. Without the parental traits she possesses the outcome of the Hunger Games may have been very different. But because of these traits she not only will return to her family she has saved Peeta’s life and may have changes life in Panam for ever.

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Case Analysis-Jet Blue and WestJet - Essay Example The relocation called for West Jet agents to encounter complex steps in processing the data, yet the airline had not attained the transfer time needed to transfer the files and had not succeeded to reduce its customer loads on flights that were to operate immediately following the changeover. Numerous bookings for prospected flights that were done prior to the changeover could not be accessed during the file relocation and for some time there after, since Sabre had to regulate the flights by use of the new system, thus customer dissatisfaction and a rarity for the airline. In addition to the high number of customer complaint calls, West Jet customers also expressed their displeasure through the internet sources such as face book. Angry flyers flooded the airline’s website, causing it to crash again. To deal with such customers, West Jet quickly apologized to them via their site by explaining the causes of the technological problem, and ultimately weathered the storm with success and realized its profits as before. Following West Jet’s incident, JetBlue was able to avoid some of the risks before implementing its new reservation system. It experienced problems like increase in call wait times, and not all its ticket printers and kiosks came online immediately. Additionally, Jet Blue was to add some booking functions, though the airline was well prepared to deal with these problems. Jet Blue had also some issues with its customers, due to the failure of the management to realize that their IT infrastructure was not strong enough to handle complex crisis. For instance, in February 2007, the airline attempted to operate flights in a storm when the rest of the major airlines had cancelled the flights. It was a poor decision for Jet blue as the weather conditions could not allow the flights to take off, making the passengers to be stranded

Opening Premier Inn hotel in Mauritius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Opening Premier Inn hotel in Mauritius - Essay Example There is also the strategy of wholly owned subsidiaries a form of foreign direct investment that includes acquisitions and the Greenfield investment. The Greenfield investment is preferable if there are no competitors in Mauritius and it is a high-risk strategy. In addition, the hotel can consider acquisitions since it is a technique that can help to actualize higher human potential. It also contributes to lower risk than most of the entry models (Hill, 2014). The best design for the hotel is Foreign Direct Investment by procuring land, plant, and workforce in the host country. The hotel can set up a subsidiary that is wholly owned in the country by establishing a branch from the ground. In doing so, the hotel will be using the Greenfield strategy; on the other hand, it can also acquire a plant in the target foreign market (Hill, 2014). The hotel will experience significant benefits in the acquisitions. Firstly, purchases are quick to execute. The hotel should acquire an already established enterprise in Mauritius, by doing so it can quickly build its presence in a foreign target market. Therefore, the Premier inn hotel should do the same (Razin and Sadika, 2007). Secondly, the hotel should make acquisitions as a tool to pre-empt competitors since in Mauritius there are many investors in the hotel industry. The need for the pre-emption is especially prominent in markets that are rapidly globalizing. Thirdly, managers of the Premier inn hotel may view acquisitions as less risky than a Greenfield venture. Practically when the hotel purchases another hotel in Mauritius, it buys a number of assets that generate a known profit stream and revenue. On the contrary, the profit stream and income produced by a Greenfield venture is indeed uncertain simply because it does not yet exist. Acquisition made at the Premier Inn hotel in Mauritius; it does not only acquire a number of tangible assets. For example, it will

Prepare a case analysis of Case 1, Facebook vs. Twitter Essay

Prepare a case analysis of Case 1, Facebook vs. Twitter - Essay Example as an energy source and rallying point for the organization to the extent that it could make that particular company’s site more relevant than other social networking sites. Twitter’s mission reads: â€Å"We want to instantly connect people everywhere to what’s most important to them.† Whereas this mission statement is 80 characters long Huffstetler (2011) argues that it need not be more than 40 because the keywords are four: instantly, connect, everywhere and important. Twitter’s mission statement is brief, easy to remember and the organisation can relate to it. However as we analyse these four keywords we realise that the company needs to add more precision and clarity so that anyone who reads it may be able to identify its core competence and also be able to distinguish it from its competitors. The way it is it could easily be confused with any of the other numerous social networking sites. Of the four keywords, we believe that the organisation identifies well with â€Å"connect†, â€Å"everywhere† and â€Å"important† but it needs to re-consider the use of â€Å"instant†. Twitter’s real-time attribute is what makes it different from other platforms. This is Twitter’s competitive edge. Google and Facebook, the major rivals have tried to mimic this ability unsuccessfully. The problem though is that in modern technology’s lexicon the word instant could imply speed or ease. Twitter therefore needs to consider what to tradeoff between ease and speed and then use the selected choice to replace the word instant on its mission statement. On the other hand, Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected (Facebook, 2012). Using Huffstetler (2011) approach we delineate the key words here as being: power to share, open and connected. â€Å"Open† and â€Å"connected† are attributes that are provided by other social networking sites as well including Twitter. The key differentiator for Facebook lies in the

Roman Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Marxist Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 Essay

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Human Rights and the Privacy law - Essay Example The rights contained within the law are based on European Convention on Human Rights articles. It also gives further effects to freedom and rights that are guaranteed under the European Convention. This means that judges must study and give effect to the legislation in a way that is compatible with the convention rights. It also implicates unlawfulness for a public authority to act in an incompatible way with the conventional right. The Human Rights Act protects; the right of life, the prohibition of torture and inhumane treatment, protection against forced labor and slavery, the right for freedom and liberty, the right for fair trial and no punishment without law and freedom of thought belief and religion. The act also gives respect privacy and family life providing the right to marry.Privacy and freedom of speech are important human rights that have not been strongly protected in English law. The freedom of speech has been a residual liberty traditionally because it existed only wh en the statute did not restrict its exercise. Liberty law on the other hand, is largely governed by the common law and is concerned with the protection of individual rights to reputation. This is vital for freedom of press and speech. However, there has been no explicit right of privacy. Even though the European Convention guarantees both rights, the English courts must take account of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in order to interpret and apply Convention rights under HRA (Human Rights Act 1998).

Nietzsches Attitude to Religion Essay Example for Free

Nietzsches Attitude to Religion Essay I carefully read Ms S Ramola Naidu’s Ph. D. dissertation entitled â€Å"Culture, History, Politics: The Representation of Women in the American War Novels of Ernest Hemingway, e. e. cummings, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. † submitted at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Divided into four chapters, the dissertation is neatly chalked out with a very informative introduction and a befitting conclusion. All the four novels undertaken for the study dwell upon the image of the American women against the background of the World Wars. Chapter I, â€Å"Fragmentation of Society: The Enormous Room,† shows that women are not the weaker sex but are the pillars that support family and society. Chapter II entitled â€Å"Triumph of Love: A Farewell to Arms† deals with the evil effects of the First World War on society in general and on women in particular. Chapter III, â€Å"Parental Indifference: Mother Night,† focuses on the catastrophe of the Second World War disapproving â€Å"the ultra-modern American woman who sacrifices the basic demands of her family† (page 9, Abstract). The last chapter, â€Å"Bureaucratic Callousness: Catch 22† depicts the chaotic military organizations and the ugliness and brutality of human exploitation. Ms Naidu’s topic has a great relevance to the present political context in the entire world standing on the threshold of another atomic war. It has become our responsibility to avoid war upto the possible limit for the peace, prosperity, and happiness of human beings. Through her study Ms Naidu tries to evince that the holocaust of World Wars has engendered a lot of human miseries problems, the loss of human dignity and ntegrity, eventually reducing man to the status of a tragic figure. She is also sure that women problems cannot be solved through any slogan or being a liberate women or feminist. A woman can achieve her dignity cherishing a firm faith in the sanctity of true love, basic emotions and feelings, sacrifice and moral and social values. Ms Naidu is quite successful in delineating the writers’ vision about a bright future that is not far fetched provided every individual develops a positive attitude towards life. It is good piece of research embodying clarity, critical acumen, and hard industry of the candidate. The thesis is characterized by a refined and chiselled language, though a few syntactical, grammatical, and punctuation errors are also visible here and there. It is a purely thematic study. The candidate has adopted an analytical method; and the representation of women in the American novels of the mentioned writers has been highlighted through the analysis of plots, characters, dialogues, and settings. She is capable enough to display her critical insight, logical coherence, and the skill of the assimilation of material in the corpus of the thesis. It is well-written and fulfils all the requirements of a good dissertation. In view of the above, I am pleased to recommend that Ms Ramaola Naidu deserves the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English of Osmania University, Hyderabd.

Discussing The Restraint Autonomy Of Elderly Patients Nursing Essay

Discussing The Restraint Autonomy Of Elderly Patients Nursing Essay The use of restraint, whether physical or chemical, has always been a normal practice in the medical field when dealing with critical-ill patients and the elderly. Many would justify this act as a form of protection, in order to decrease the number and chances of self-inflicted harm. However, sometimes, it strips the patients autonomy in decision-making, resulting in a discussion on how exactly should restraint be approached. Introduction The number of elderly people in developed countries has gradually increased over the years. In Australia in the year 1991, 11% of the total population comprised of the elderly (65 years old and above). It has been projected that the 11% will increase to 18% in the next ten years. For people who are 85 years old and above, they comprised about 8% of the total population in 1991. It increased in 2001 to 11% (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2002). With this fact, nursing homes are needed to cater to older people. There are many reasons why the elderly would enter into a nursing home. It is unlikely that they are entering it because they like it (Harker 1997). Entering a nursing home would mean that the person has to give up his possessions and some of his freedom would be stripped away from him, like being able to go anywhere he wants. He would not be able to eat wherever he wants or walk in the park whenever he wants. A nursing home, for some, is like a waiting area for death. It is very rare for those who are admitted to the nursing home to go back to their homes after entering a nursing home. A persons poor health is one of the major reasons for entering a nursing home. They would need access to nursing care that is not available in their own homes. There are home-based nursing cares available but these are very expensive and they cost a lot to maintain. Long ago, when the elderly would need care or assistance, family members are usually available to assist with their needs. Their children would take care of them in their own homes, or some of them would move into their parents homes to take care of them. In present times, this situation is close to impossible because both husband and wife have to work, or a single child has to work in order to support himself. Because the immediate family could not offer any help to them, they have no choice but to go into a nursing home (Harker 1997). For some people, the decision to go into a nursing home lies in the hand of their children or other immediate family members because he or she might not be able to make a sound decision for himself or herself because of her sickness or disease (i.e. Alzheimers disease) or various handicaps. I chose this topic because I know that one day I will have to consider staying in a nursing home because I could not live on my own when I am old. There will be a possibility that my children could not take care of me because they will have their own families to support. This would help me prepare to be competent enough to decide for myself despite of old age or any unforeseeable sickness. Another reason why I chose this topic is because of my father. My father is currently in the hospital because he has cancer, in its last stage already. I could not be beside my father all the time to take care of him because I still have to work and go to school at the same time. Although I know that my father is in good hands with the hospital staff, I could not help but worry about him. With this paper, I hope to gain better understanding on restraint on the elderly. Restraint in Nursing Homes: Barriers in the Health Care System The elderly has mixed feelings regarding their experience with restraint (Gallinagh et al. 2001). For some patients, the practice of using restraints, like bedside rails or wheelchair bars, are sometimes positive. They tend to give them a feeling of safety and stability. Others do not always think of dependence as something negative. In fact, most elderly patients greatly appreciate the assistance that nursing home staff would offer. Unfortunately, a lot more elderly has negative feelings when it comes to restraint. The use of the methods for restraints has traumatic than therapeutic effects for many older people. Most of them lose their dignity, self-respect, and identity. They become embarrassed, anxious, and disillusioned (Gastmans Milisen 2005). Physical restraint is defined as the use of any object or piece of equipment that is attached to or near the body of a person and which that could not be controlled or simply removed by the person. It stops or intentionally prevents a person from moving on his own will. (Gastmans Milisen 2005) Examples of physical restraints are the following: vests, straps/belts, bedside rails, wheelchair bars, bed sheets that are tucked too tightly, etc. Another type of restraint is the chemical (or pharmacological) restraint. This involves the use of drugs to hold back a certain behavior or movement. Other than hypnotic or antidepressant drugs, institutions also use psychotropic drugs like chlorpromazine, diazepam, haloperidol and thioridazine. (Powell et al. 1989) Other methods like being locked in a room, electronic surveillance, and being forced or pressured to do medical examinations and treatments (Gastmans Milisen 2005). In taking care of older people in nursing homes, it is sometimes unavoidable to use restraint. This is usually done to keep them away from any accidents or harm they would inflict on themselves. But lately, because of the growing concern among relatives of elderly patients, long-term care services providers for old people are now required by licensure and accreditation agencies to have a restraint-free culture as a standard practice. However, many fail to achieve the intended result because of so many barriers. These different unavoidable barriers, which are also reasons for restraint on the elderly, are to be discussed in the following paragraphs. The main concern in using restraint on elderly patients is to make sure that they would be safe from any accident that would result to injury. Nurses, caregivers, and other institutional staff fear that the elderly patients might fall anytime. However, there had been a study that 67% of the patient falls from the bed were from those who are physically restraint. (Lee et al. 1999) In the same study, it was also mentioned that inadequate staffing was also another reason for physical restraint since the staff could not keep an eye on all the patients all the time. It was revealed that 36% of nurses confirmed that physical restraint was used when they could not closely monitor the patients. Ironically, when the elderly patients tried to resist the physical restraint imposed on them, it results to undesirable consequences, therefore, they will be needing more nursing care-the opposite result of what the nurses, who preferred physical restraints when understaffed, were hoping to achieve (V arone et al. 1992). There is no clear confirmation that restraints prevent injury in clinical settings. To continue such ways without thorough assessment of the situation is an outcome of not sticking to evidence-based practice. Staff could be charged with allegations of professional misconduct and legal actions from patients and their families (Cheung Yam 2005). Physical injury comes in two categories. First, it is related with the direct impact of the device used for restraint on the patient. Examples of these injuries are bruises, nerve damage, asphyxiation, and even sudden death. Second, it is associated to the injuries attained because of enforced immobilization. This includes loss of muscle tone, contracture, or reduced functional ability. The injuries in the second category are more intense for the elderly patients because this might extend their stay in the hospital, cause them to fall, and triggers pressure ulcers (Cheung Yam 2005). Robbins et al. (1987) reported that morbidity and mortality rates are eight times higher among restrained patients compared to those who are unrestrained. Restrained patients could also suffer from psychological harms aside from physical injuries. They often have negative responses like anger, fear, denial, demoralization, humiliation, depression, agitation and regressive behaviors (Gorski 1995). Other patients have complained about the loss of dignity. They have considered those kinds of experiences to be humiliatingly against their human rights. Apathy and depression become worse for many older, restrained people that they feel a sense of abandonment. Studies on social behaviors in different nursing homes showed that there is a big difference with restrained and unrestrained elderly patients. The former usually stops any form of social interaction (Folmar Wilson 1989). Other studies showed that nurses sometimes have a difficult time in facilitating treatment regimens that they resort to physical restraint. For example, a patient is confused and is having an intravenous infusion drip. He tries to pull out the drip, which may cause him to bleed. A nurse will have to strap his hands so that he would not be able to pull the drip out, and injuring themselves. (Lee et al. 1999) However, according to studies, the use of restraint in these kinds of situation increases the agitation of patients, which ironically again, makes them more susceptible to injury (Thomas et al., 1995). Incompetence, due to psychiatric diagnosis or cognitive impairment, is usually another reason for restraint among elderly patients. Staff could easily argue that the patient is too confused or demented to make a reasonable decision for his own welfare. They believe that competence is a medical issue and could be resolved only through scientific evidence. However, Leifer (1963) cited facts that showed inconsistencies between pathological and clinical findings for mental incapacity. In short, he tried to explain that there is no reliable connection between the state of the brain and the legal criterion for competency (Schafer 1985). A certain judge in the United States District Court of New Jersey emphasized that one must not automatically assume that insane patients are not competent to give or hold back consent for treatment or medication (Schafer 1985). A patient has every right to refuse any treatment and the people around him should always respect that. There are three ways in determining the validity of a patients consent. First, the patient must have the capacity or competence to make a decision. Second, the patient must be thoroughly explained of all the pros and cons and other information that would help him reach a decision. Lastly, the patient must never be forced to make a decision. (Gert et. al. 1997) Until a court finds the patient incompetent, the patient must always be assumed to be competent. In some cases, psychiatrists often define this as a medical emergency, which would require compulsory treatment and intervention on the patients autonomy. There are times when the staff is really qualified to provide effective care but the patient is just too difficult to handle. (Schafer 1985) Issues with Restraints There was a study that pointed out that with physical and chemical restraint, nurses feel safer and they are more psychologically comfortable. It showed that the nurses were more concern of their own comfort than the welfare of the elderly. They were thinking that when they fail to restrain patients, they would become legally liable for any accident that might happen. This places the elderly patients at a higher risk of injury because of confusion, agitation, and pressures. It only gave the nurses a false sense of safety (Thomas et al., 1995). The attitude of the staff has a great effect on both the quality of treatment of older people and the consideration given to preserving their dignity and autonomy. By maintaining their dignity and autonomy, it minimizes the distress felt by the patients. Dignity refers to the self-respect maintained by an individual and valued by others. Autonomy refers to the control of making decisions, in any aspect of life, for oneself (Lothian 2001). In a research by Bernard in 1998, he found evidences that implied that a significant number of people working in the medical field hold pessimistic views on older people. An important way of tackling poor attitudes by staff towards the elderly patients is though extensive and continued training. Evidence showed that exposure to a more specialized training in geriatric care is beneficial. People, who still have grandparents as role models, have also been found to treat older people with better attitudes. (Haight et al. 1994) Staff, who are trained, becomes sensitive to the different issues around an older persons dignity and autonomy, are better equipped to treat older patients (Lothian 2001). In the UK, there are two major legal issues regarding both physical and chemical restraint. The first issue concerns about the law of assault, the threat of violence, and the actual and direct use of unlawful physical force on another person (also known as battery) even though they are not really harmed. The second one involves the risk of negligence (Trivedi et al. 2009). An example could better describe this. A court in Germany held a nursing home responsible for violations of obligations when an elderly female resident had a fracture. The patient fell off he toilet inside her room while the nurse went to the bathroom sink to wash the patients dentures. The nurse was not able to prevent or stop the fall because she could not see the patient from where she was. The patient was still mobile and could still walk with help days before the accident. In spite of this, she was already in her last stages of Alzheimers disease so her actions were more of a series of events rather than premeditated actions. The nurse should have anticipated any abrupt changes since she knew about the disease already. The court placed this error on the nursing home as negligence (Sammet 2006). Some other judgments have been made that are similar to the situation above. According to Sammet (2006), possible movements should have been anticipated and predicted. The nurses control should substitute the patients incapacitated will as a way of protection. In cases of serious dementia, the patients personal wish should not be taken into account. Since he or she could not make a reasonable wish at all. Sammet (2006) described this kind of care and protection as disease-centered. In this case, the medical data matters and not what the confused patients wants. Therefore, there should be a balancing of values. The nursing home staff should be in a position to restrain patients to safeguard them from harm and injury. Intervention is necessary and the elderly are often not given the privilege to refuse because they are usually not capable anymore of doing so (Sammet 2006). Strategies in Overcoming Restraint More focus should be placed on educating nurses to reduce the unfitting use of restraints on elderly patients. Thorough nursing assessment is especially needed before using any restraints (Lee et al. 1999). The use of restraints should always be the last resort, not the first option. When healthcare providers do not have any other choice but to restrain the elderly patients, utmost care and attention should be provided. Nurses and caregivers should also acknowledge that they have an ethical duty to clarify and give details to elderly patients and their families the purpose for making use of restraints and should always get an informed consent as much as possible. Coordinating with other healthcare professionals should be promoted since combined efforts will allow them to identify other means or approaches to care apart from using restraints (Lee et al. 1999). Ethicists have created a list of principles for the right way of using restraints on demented patients. This list is usually used by government agencies. Moss and La Puma (1991) suggested the following guidelines: (1) mechanical restraints should never be ordered in a regular manner and should not be used as a replacement for careful patient surveillance; (2) arrangements for restraints should start a medical investigation for the purpose of pointing out and correcting the medical or psychological complication that triggered the order of the restraint; (3) the patients representative who is involve in decision-making should agree to the restraints and be fully informed of the different risks and benefits; (4) mechanical restraints should be used carefully (and only for a temporary time), making use of the least-restrictive device as much as possible; and lastly, (5) chemical or pharmacological restraints should only be prescribed by the proper professional, should be in the lowest ef fective dose, and the patients status must be frequently reassessed. Clinical ethics is about considering the ethical values and standards that acts as guidelines for clinical actions. Every elderly should be treated as a person (Janssens 1980-1981). This serves as the first value. Human dignity could not be given up, not even through disease, disability or approaching death. Caregivers and nurses should always respect the dignity of patients (Gastmans Milisen 2005). As a second value, one should always take into consideration that each human being is a responsible individual. Humans act base on their conscience, in a free but responsible means (Janssens 1980-1981). The elderly, as human beings, should be allowed to make choices and should be respected. A high regard for the overall welfare is the third value that should be secured. When it comes to a time when decisions for physical restraint have to be made, social, psychological, and moral aspects of a persons wellbeing are all considered. (Gastmans Milisen 2005). The fourth ethical value is about promoting self-reliance among the elderly. This could, in many cases, postpone or prevent the use of any restraint on the elderly. Nursing homes could help by specific measures (lowering the bed to avoid or prevent painful falls, using shock-absorbing and non-slip floor covering, walking aids, hip protectors), by measures to optimize the environment (using ample lighting without glare, familiar surroundings orientation, prevent or minimize sensory overload), by individualized care (by encouraging social interactions by talking and listening to them and motivate them to participate in activities), and by preventing or decreasing factors for fall like nutrition management, routine toilet ing, stimulating mental processes, balance training and exercises (Gastmans Milisen 2005).

Regulatory Frameworks for Financial Reporting

Regulatory Frameworks for Financial Reporting Discuss the reasons why we need a regulatory framework for financial reporting. What are the advantages and disadvantages of making accounting rules by law as opposed to using IASB standards? The body of rules which determine how financial accounts will be compiled in any particular situation are known as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP); these are drawn from a number of sources. The first of these are legal; the main sources of these include the Companies Act 2006, as well as EU Law and the remainder of the UK common law. The second strand of this includes national and international accounting standard such as the ASB and IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) standards, as set by the Accounting Standards Board and their international equivalent; they will also work to establish public opinion on proposed new standards, and use seminars to discuss issues within accounting. The third strand is comprised of the rules of the Stock Exchanges, though these are only applicable to companies listed on the LSE or AIM. The major argument in favour of a regulatory framework is that standardisation is encouraged and, through this, we are able to make an accurate assessment of financial health. As Alexander and Britton point out, before the introduction of these standards, different firms in similar situations were following different accounting standards, leading to different and incompatible results (Alexander and Britton, 2004). Indeed, when takeovers occurred, different valuations taken by accountants could potentially generate vastly different results, given the uncertainty as to what to include: this, in turn, was bad fro the reputation of the accounting profession. The framework, in the shape of both law and accounting standards, allows for the element of subjectivity to be lessened. Further advantages of the current regulatory framework include increasing level of information for the end user, through stipulating minimum standards of disclosure; in addition, the current system benefits through input both from government (in statute, for example), and from the accountancy profession, which arguably works to ensure a balance of interests. However, within this, we then face a choice between regulation by statute and regulation through accounting standards, each with their relative merits and demerits. I shall discuss these in turn. The first advantage is that accounting standards act as a way of reducing the disparate methods by which one may create accounts; this, in turn, makes the account of greater benefit to the end user, given that they have a document which is easily comparable to others of the same kind. Without such a standardisation, there is a risk that different firms of accountant may have chosen to classify a particular type of asset or debt in a different way. Alexander and Britton (2004) demonstrates this through the example of property how is this to be valued? We might argue that it should retain the value for which it is bought; alternatively, we could say that the value should be this, minus depreciation; or thirdly, we could say that the value (given that prices of property will almost always be rising) should be the original price plus an inflationary multiplier. This is just one example, and taken over a large company, the potential for fluctuations is substantial. In an internationalise d economy, this value is correspondingly increased; Zeff (2007) remarks that the introduction of international standards has led to a very great increase in global comparability in relation to what we had before, namely, every country using its own national standards, which differed considerably from country to country. Indeed, Haller and Walton (2003) describe this as the nub of the international accounting problem. How do companies that want to operate across national (and therefore usually cultural) boundaries convey economic information appropriate for business decisions? Secondly, they provide a focal point for debate over what accepted practice should be. At present, it has occasionally been argued that accounting standards are not based on any coherent conceptual framework, but rather exist simply as rules in themselves (Alexander and Britton, 2004). The IASB is a body well-poised to correct such a problem: thus, in recent years, the IASB has launched a project to develop an improved common conceptual framework that provides a sound foundation for developing future accounting standards. It is difficult to imagine Parliament giving time to such a broad yet arguably essential task. Thirdly, on much the same basis, it may be argued that accounting standards are much less rigid than relevant legislation; each change to legislation will require a separate bill to proceed through Parliament, in contrast to accounting standards. Thus, the maintenance of accounting standards provides a body of rules that create standardisation while simultaneously lacking a legalistic rigidity. In addition, the true and fair view can be used when justifiable to override other accounting standards which may apply (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). Fourthly, it can be seen that the introduction of accounting standards have encouraged companies to make available more information than they otherwise would have. Examples of this can be seen in, for example, Robins remarks that FRS 3 (on reporting financial performance), requiring companies to highlight a range of different financial performance indicators (such as the results of continuing operations and discontinued operations) which allow a greater level of information than if simply profit were indicated (Robins, 1999). Through requiring enhanced disclosure of information, it can be argued that accounting standards create a greater standard of information to the end user, and thus the value of accounting in general. Fifthly, it may be viewed as an advantage that the guidelines are created by people with a strong connection to the industry; that is, professional accountants. Statutes such as the Companies Act are inevitably subject to party political pressures: and, in despite their best intentions, Members of Parliament are unlikely to have the same level of expertise as people with vast experience in their field. A further point is that when Parliament drafts legislation, it will intend for it to be applied by the courts; it would therefore be more difficult to create comprehensive standards in such a way than it would be to do so through a body comprised of accountants, creating standards for accountants. We may conclude that a system based on professional considerations is more likely to provide an accurate assessment of an institution. On the other hand, there are a number of corresponding criticisms. Firstly, requiring additional information, and for institutions to comply with certain standards, will inevitably lead to an increase in costs; checking that a set of accounts adheres to a particular set of standards will be require more work than simply taking an ad hoc approach. In addition, each new set of standards will entail its own costs for example, in re-training accountants who had become used to different standards. Secondly, it may be argued that these guidelines are increasing in volume and complexity. Indeed, a letter from the International Corporate Governance Network to the IASB asked whether some instruments are so complex and unstable that not only is portraying things by one number insufficient, but the users of accounts and stakeholders would be better served by the recognition that there may not an answer. Thus in certain areas, complexity will firstly make the standards more difficult to enforce , but also perhaps create inappropriate results, as they are inappropriate to the particular context. This is a particularly strong criticism if we consider that the economic case for the regulatory framework is perhaps unproven: The case for uniformity in accounting is not based on any settled body of evidence, or literature (Bell, 2005). Thirdly, the fact that the guidelines are both set and disciplined by the accounting profession means that there may be no effective method of enforcing the standards this is in contrast to any statutory system, which will be enforceable through the courts. Where professional accountants are involved, the only sanction for breach of these guidelines would appear to be through professional bodies, which have been slow to do so (Lewis and Pendrill, 2003). This is a particular problem, considering that (as seen above), part of the argument for accounting standards is in fact to uphold the reputation of the profession. In addition (and as Lewis and Pendrill point out), many accounting standards deal with issues which in a democratic society, should arguably be subject to democratic controls: the example given is that of FRS 17 (Retirement Benefits), which stated that deficits in a company pensions scheme were to be treated as expenses on the profit and loss account. This is an issue of national importance. Finally, requiring further standardisation means that there will be a trend towards rigidity in financial reporting; it has long been feared that this will lead to accounting becoming a process of rote learning of rules, without searching for any meaning within them. (Baxter, 1962) Thus, although there will be a standardised system, this will not necessarily be one in which these rules have principled bases; at the same time, such standards remove any opportunity for individual judgment or discretion.. In addition, a rigid set of standards will not be appropriate in every situation to which they might be applied; for example, the property industry protested the application of SSAP 12 to property since its introduction (Andrew and Pitt, 2006; SSAP19 was later introduced to cover this). It may even be that an emphasis on rules over judgment distorts the realities of a given situation the experience of FRS5 has shown that judgement-based accounting can operate successfully to report ec onomic reality in a situation where previously there had been an over-reliance on rules (ICAS, 2006). In conclusion, while there is a clear value in standardisation (in that accounts, through being created from the same standards, are more reliably comparable), it would appear that there are certain conflicts. The first is between expertise and control: to what extent should Parliament allow standards boards to create their own rules, benefitting from their own experience, and to what extent should their own political persuasions have a role? The same problem applies in enforcement allowing the accounting industry the opportunity to enforce their own rules gives them the independence to enforce them using their own expertise, but otherwise could lead to charges of indifference to their own wrongdoing. Secondly, there is a conflict between standardisation and complexity; though the aim of standardisation would perhaps be best served by standards covering every possible eventuality, these would be so lengthy and comprehensive as to be unworkable; to some extent, we must rely on broade r principles. The relative merits of each of the relevant methods will therefore depend on the approach we take towards each of these conflicts.

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay -- Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible was based in 1692 in and around the town of Salem, Massachusetts, USA. The Salem witch-hunt was view as one of the strangest and most horrendous chapters in the human history. People that were prosecuted were all innocent and their deaths were all due to false accusation of people’s ridiculous belief in superstition and their paranoia. The Puritans in those times were very strict in personal habits and morality; swearing, drunkenness and gambling would be punished. The people of Salem believed in the devil and thought that witchcraft should be hunted out. The play can be seen as a general statement on the effects that fear and fanaticism can have on human beings and how one person can cause such catastrophe. It is a purely a controversial play, so why write a play knowing the danger you were putting yourself in? Arthur Miller wrote the play because he was accused of being a communist; Miller attended meetings between communist writers. He was fined and given a suspended prison sentence. When he wrote the play, he focused on a series of true events, which took place in and around the town of Salem. As Miller saw what was happening around him at the time, he realised that he himself could not take any direct action, or speak out against the act of McCarthyism because he could put himself in danger. He did, however, realise that he could make other Americans see how they were acting towards each other and how paranoia were the main cause to this widespread hysteria. Realising that he has to prevent this hysteria from developing further was to write a play, in hope that the audience would see what the hidden meaning and message he was trying to portray, instead of being 'just a play'. Many thi... ...s and McCarthyism have similar beginnings and similar results. Such hysteria came about because of the excessive suspicion that was planted in the people's minds, by Parris and McCarthy. Despite this, it was Parris and McCarthy who primarily rise the hysteria that occurred. Such hysteria may occur today, dealing with the issue on terrorism. Racial profiling and accusations may be prominent in our country once again! If the right events and the right people trigger such a scare, our country could be in a state of mass hysteria as it was two times already. Despite the age of The Crucible there are many issues included in it that are still very relevant in the modern world to day. Due to Miller’s clever plot and distinctive techniques, he was able to bring the history to life. This play turned out to be one of the most relevant plays of the past and of today.

The Most Affordable Vacation for a College Student :: Research Papers Travel Essays

The Most Affordable Vacation for a College Student In December, my boyfriend is heading to Iraq to fight for his country and for all of us in the United States. We have decided together, that upon his arrival home, we will reward ourselves with a vacation. The question we both had though was where should we take this vacation? We both believe that next year will be a really hard time for both of us, being separated for at least a year. I have decided to take the initiative to research our possible destinations with the most affordable rates. Together, we narrowed our choices down and decided to vacation in Hawaii or an island in the Bahamas. So with this information, I decided to research the locations of our choice to help us finalize our decision. The first thing I did was decide to research Maui, Hawaii. I have heard many great things about Hawaii, and thought that this would make a great report. I gathered information online, comparing airline prices, hotel prices and also attractions in Maui. To gather even more information, I traveled to the travel agency in which I belong to, AAA’s where I received a lot of great catalogs on Maui. I did not know definitely where I was going with this project, but decided to research the information. I discovered that Hawaii was just a little bit out of a college student’s budget, even if saving for a year. So I thought I would compare and research the Bahamas, our other choice. I once again started online, researching much like I did with Hawaii. This time when I traveled to AAA’s, I talked to Sharon Biggs, a very helpful travel agent. She gave me brochures explaining about the two islands in the Bahamas. She told me that because I was under the age of 21, the better vacation choice was the Bahamas over Hawaii. When we travel on our vacation, my boyfriend will be over 21, but I will not. The age of 21 meaning, I could not drink, but he could. My final step was to call my aunt and uncle, who have traveled to the Bahamas, Mexico, Bermuda, and taken several cruises. I wanted to receive their insight on the location that I had chosen. They were very reliable in the sense that they travel often and I have not been to all the places that they have been to.

Case Study Cyworld Creating And Capturing Value In Social Network

Case Study Cyworld Creating And Capturing Value In Social Network Group Members: Syed Hasan Zaman (20738) Muhammad Wasim (20735) Mansoor Owais Talha Qadri Question 1: Why do people use social network? Answer: Peoples generally use the social networks for the purpose of managing their social lives, also it includes to satisfy the need of socialization of each individual which is required to be satisfied and the social networks are the most commonly used medium now a days in order to satisfy such need.Comparing it to the other mediums such as emailing, messaging or calling the reason for the preference of the social networking sites is because that the audience in the social network is large enough also it gives the opportunity to socialize with other peoples around the globe and making new friends and connections and getting to know peoples, cultures and values around the globe Question 2: How can you segment Cyworld user?Which segment should Cyworld target? How it can create value fo r users in this segment? Answer: The segmentation of user of Cyworld are the teens and the generation in early twenties as the largest user group of Cyworld is the users comprised of the these two age segmentation. The reasons for these segmentation to be attracted towards Cyworld is that there is no membership fee and the generation is neither able to pay huge membership or reactivation feesCyworld should target the youth as they are most interested generation segment in socialization and who are well aware of using such sites and medium to communicate, contact and maintain their relationships with others and also seek to communicate with peoples around the globe in other regions For creating value for its users, Cyworld initiated with the tactics of introducing the idea of creating and managing minihompys by way of buying the virtual items and decorating the minihompys but later Cyworld observed that the users are getting bored of this activity and realized that the Cyworld will n ot be able to capture justified value on providing such services.After surveying all the factors the Cyworld decided to launch Home2 which is in fact the upgraded version of minihompys but this have the option of sharing photos and many other things. This created more value for the users of the Cyworld and shortly around 80,000 users of the Cyworld migrated to the Home2 as it is something new as it was a blend of blogging and minihompys. Question 3: Which is most valuable for Cyworld – An active user, a user who spends a lot of money with Cyworld or a user with a lot of connection? Answer: The most valuable for Cyworld includes the one who are an active user of the site as they are the potential customer of the organization.Considering the fact of generating revenues, the most revenue generation activity for Cyworld was the Paid Items which concludes the 72% of all the revenue generated by the organization but as a matter of fact the organization can only attain such revenue when item are being sold and the people will only buy if they can show that to others on the site as the items are not tangible neither moveable rather they are all virtual so the only value for the customers is the status regime they show by means of placing it on their own minihompys. The users with a lot of connection is considerably valuable for the company because these are not only permanent users of the site as they won’t leave the site because this will cause them to leave the connections they have and this makes them not only the potential customer but also they can attract others to join the site and can increase the users f Cyworld Question 4: How is Cyworld different from Facebook or Myspace? How these social networking sites are differ from other larger websites such as Amazon, Yahoo and Youtube? Answer: Cyworld is different from Facebook or Myspace as on these social sites it is assumed that we are talking to a public at large (for example writing on a firendâ⠂¬â„¢s wall) but the reality is we are still communicating with a specific group of peoples (i. e. only the friends or connections of that person can see what we posted on his wall). The other reason is Cyworld came with the idea of minihomphys where are Facebook and Myspace lacks such availability of option.The websites such as Amazon, Yahoo or Youtube are specific functioned sites like Amazon is used for online shopping, yahoo is a general purpose site which includes features from offering sale purchase to news reading material and many other areas and Youtube is specifically used for watching videos or sharing it, in comparision to Cyworld, Cyworld offers the sharing of ideas, minihompys, videos, photos, music and many other things and this variety of option differentiate Cyworld from the sites such as Facbook, Myspace, Amazon, Yahoo and Youtube Question 5: What should be Cyworld business model – paid items, mobile networking or advertising? Should Cyworld explore any othe r area of opportunity? Answer:Cyworld started generation of revenue from the services of offering paid items and it constitute 72% of the revenues generated by the company but forecasting the future and analyzing the user behavior and trend Cyworld came to the conclusion that the people in future will not be much interested in purchasing virtual items for real money which can give them not much of value and satisfaction and the company realizes that the revenues will drop if the company sticks to the model of Paid Items. After considering all the facts the company came to the conclusion that the company should migrate from paid items model to the advertising models as followed by Facebook and many other sites. Its hard for Cyworld to make its own position in the market where the websites such as Facebook and Myspace are handling the maximum market share

The heart and soul of Jamaica

Regarded as the nucleus of Rastafarian civilization, reggae music is besides the bosom and psyche of Jamaica. Rastafarianism emerged in the twentieth century along with reggae music in the 1960 ‘s. The latter has been a manner of uncovering Rastafarianism to persons while Rastafarianism has contributed to the growing of the reggae genre, exemplifying the mutual relationship between the two. One of the major boosters of both Rastafarianism and its music has been Bob Marley who, via globally celebrated paths, has helped the two proliferate. I wish to look at the influence of reggae and rastafari beyond the West Indies because I feel that Reggae is alone, joyful and does something to people, different to other music. This is largely due to the thoughts behind it, and I want to demo that it ‘s non merely about marihuanas and the usual stereotypes of Rastafarians but to demo the beauty and significance of listening to Reggae and being a Rastafarian. During the 1930 ‘s Jamaica was an island where depression, favoritism and racism dominated, particularly in the poorest countries. This is where Rastafarianism came in to assist out the community. The Rasta ‘s claim that Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, was the re embodiment of Jesus Christ and their faith worships a individual God, known as Jah. Rastafarianism hence originated in Jamaica around this clip as a consequence of the strong subjugation by Western states. Its basic rules include the desire to withstand Babylon ( a common term used to specify Western civilization ) every bit good as utilizing non-violence as a method to accomplish this. Furthermore their rules consist of a peaceable independent and independent society together with a symbiotic relationship with nature and their surrounding environment illustrated by the fact that frequently Rastafarians are vegetarians and prefer avoiding groceries such as intoxicant, meat, porc and shellfi sh alternatively establishing their diets on alternate foods such as those in Mangifera indica and coconut. Another highly of import facet of the Rastafarian civilization is dreadlocks ; in fact these are a manner to disown Babylon and its artificiality animating apprehension in its dwellers. Furthermore Rastafarians believe that by agitating their dreadlocks a connexion is created between God and themselves. Another method of finishing this godly connexion is by smoking marijuana which besides counteracts the day-to-day subjugation. The Rastafarian method of non-violence has hence allowed the endurance of Jamaica ‘s population along with other settlements of the West Indies supplying endurance against the influence of Babylon every bit good as pride in the African civilization. Originally functioning as a method of reconstructing ego consciousness every bit good as their African roots reggae music today plays a major function in learning the Rastafarian people about the ‘oppressive, delusory and dissentious ‘ nature of the system under which they live and, as written above, serves as the primary manner to eliminate Babylon, with Nyabinghi music being the most built-in signifier of it. Reggae developed from several other musical manners including ska, rocksteady, mento every bit good as American R & A ; B. Furthermore, although the bulk of wireless Stationss were situated in Florida or Louisiana, some were powerful plenty to convey their music every bit far as Jamaica therefore act uponing the development of this genre. Merely in the 1960 ‘s did Reggae go an officially distinguishable genre. Reggae is based on a musical attack characterized by speech patterns on the off-beat which is identified as the filth. It besides contains a heavy back beated beat which means there is an accent on specific beats in a saloon, an illustration of this in beats 2 and 4 in 4/4 clip. This backbeat differs greatly from the usual strong African-based sounds and is non found in typical European or Asiatic music. The music is besides often really straightforward, and on occasion it will be constructed and based upon no more than one or two chords. These simple repeating chord structures hence add to the hypnotic effects of reggae. Reggae music consists of several instruments which include membranophones and other percussion, bass guitars and guitars, keyboards, horns and vocals. Furthermore the reggae rub-a-dubs are normally selected from three major classs: One bead, Rockers and Steppers. In the first, the emphasis is to the full on the 3rd round of the saloon ( typically on the trap, or joint with the bass membranophone ) . With Rockers round, the emphasis is on the 3rd round every bit good as an speech pattern on round one ( normally on bass membranophone ) while in the last, the bass membranophone plays four solid beats to the saloon, giving the round an relentless force. There is besides extended assortment of extra percussion instruments that are used in Reggae music. Bongos are frequently used in jury-rigged forms with African manner beat but cowbells, Shakerss and claves besides have cardinal functions in reggae music. Besides, the bass guitar on a regular basis plays a prima place in reggae and, unite d, the membranophone and bass are typically referred to as the â€Å" riddim † ( Rhythm ) . The sound of bass in reggae is thick and heavy and the bass line is frequently an unsophisticated two-bar Riff that is focused around its thickest and heaviest note. Another cardinal instrument in reggae music is the beat guitar which plays chords chiefly on the 2nd and 4th beats of a saloon which, as written on the old page, is a sequence of round known as filth upon which reggae is mostly based. Furthermore this instrument is played to bring forth a really short and abrasive chop sound which causes it to sound similar to a percussion instrument. From the late sixtiess to the early eighties the piano was besides a chief characteristic in reggae music duplicating the guitar ‘s filth beat, playing chords in a disconnected manner or occasional excess beats or Riffs. From the 1980s onwards synthesists were used to replace the piano, following organ-style sounds in order to accomplis h the jerky feel typical to this manner of music. Another household of instruments utilized in reggae is the brass subdivision, including saxophones, huntsman's horns and trombones. These frequently play debuts or counter-melodies but, in more recent times, are being replaced, along with the piano portion, by synthesists. In comparing to the other instruments and beat of reggae, the vocals are a more of important facet of the genre. In fact they are distinguishable from other genres as they straight deliver specific messages to the audience, the nature of which will be discussed in the undermentioned paragraph. Many reggae vocalists use embroideries of assorted sorts such as tremolos ( volume oscillation ) or vibrato ( flip oscillation ) . Possibly the most cardinal portion of Reggae is its wordss, known for their tradition to cover assorted topics including love, peace, faith, gender, relationships and socialising. Some of the messages sent to the audience via the wordss are optimistic and cheerful, but they may besides be of political significance as the vocalist attempts to increase the consciousness of the audience to such affairs. This is achieved by knocking philistinism or edifying the hearer with wordss refering controversial issues such as the Apartheid or human rights. Reggae song-writers chiefly sing about one love and one universe, integrity and brotherhood of all world, the coming together irrespective of diverse beliefs, and the hope of a new tomorrow. In add-on Reggae wordss are, as written in above pages, faith oriented, frequently discoursing spiritual capable affair such as paying testimonial to the Rastafari God, Jah. Other common wordss are based on socio-political issues, for illustration the embra cing of black patriotism, anti capitalist economy, unfavorable judgment of political systems and Babylon which, as antecedently discussed, is the parlance used for the white political authorization organisation that has held back the black race for centuries. The wordss in Reggae music remind the audience of the vocalist ‘s demand to derive freedom which in bend addresses the pursuit for freedom of all people who are oppressed globally. Robert Nesta Marley or more likely known, Bob Marley was born in a small countryside town in Jamaica on 6th of February 1945. He was a singer, performing artist, songster, and a innovator to many because of his manner of presenting reggae music to the universe, and he still remains to be one of the most idolized instrumentalists to this day of the month. Bob was the kid of a black stripling female parent and a much older, shortly after non present white male parent. His earlier old ages in the countryside small town were spent in the community of St. Ann. This is where Marley meets one of his child-hood friends, and future confederate in music, called Neville â€Å" Bunny Wailer † O'Riley Livingston. They both attended the same school, and they reciprocally shared a love called music. Bob was encouraged to get down playing guitar thanks to Bunny. Neville ‘s male parent and Bob Marley ‘s female parent subsequently had an matter together which resulted in all of them populating together for some clip in Kingston ; this is harmonizing to Christopher John Farley ‘s Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley. Marley in the late 1950 ‘s lived in Trench Town ; this is one of Kingston ‘s poorest vicinities. Even though the poorness influenced him a batch he still found motive in the music that surrounded him. This is because there were a twosome of successful instrumentalists which were from Trench Town every bit good. Besides as I mentioned before, many other sounds and music was broadcasted from America which many creative persons such as Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Fats Domino, influenced Marley ‘s love for music. Bob and Bunny dedicated most of their clip to music and under the supervising of Joe Higgs, a celebrated reggae instrumentalist in Jamaica, Marley tried to develop on his vocalizing accomplishments. Under the tutoring of Higgs Marley met another pupil, Peter McIntosh which subsequently became Peter Tosh, who would play with Marley and Livingston subsequently on, to be known as The Wailers. Approximately in 1962 a local record manufacturer, named Leslie Kong, liked Bob ‘s vocalizing and produced a little figure of singles for Marley, one of them being â€Å" Judge Not † . His little success as a solo creative person, made Marley articulation and make a set with his two friends, Bunny and Tosh, to organize the ‘Wailing Wailers ‘ in 1963. In January 1964 the first individual that they all made called â€Å" Simmer Down † rose up to the top of Jamaican charts, at this point of the sets position 3 other members had joined the Wailing Wailers. These new set members included Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso, and Cherry Smith. Even though the sets popularity was lifting in Jamaica, they still had fiscal jobs and this caused for 3 of the members to go forth, these were Junior, Beverly and Cherry. The 3 original members went through a unsmooth spot for a period of clip and Marley moved to the United States where he married Rita Anderson on 1966. After some clip Bob returned to his place, Jamaica and reunited with bunny and Tosh now form ‘The Wailers ‘ . At this point in Marley ‘s life he started to develop and research his religious side and his involvement grew for the Rastafarian motion. At this point the Rastafarian motion had been in Jamaica over 30 old ages. In the late 1960 ‘s some of the vocals that the wailers produced where â€Å" Trench Town Rock † , â€Å" Soul Rebel † , and â€Å" Four Hundred Old ages † . In the 1970 ‘s the wailers added two new members, Aston â€Å" Family Man † Barret and his brother Carlton † Carlie † Barret. They subsequently got a contract with Island Records which resulted in the entering their first full album, Catch a Fire, and tour Britain and the United States in 1973. Burnin, their following album was released that same twelvemonth and this album featured vocals like â€Å" I Shot the Sheriff † . Their following album in 1975, Natty Dread, reflected some of the political jobs that Jamaica was confronting between the Peoples National Party and the Jamaica Labor Party. Some of the struggles between these two parties can be seen in one of their vocals â€Å" Rebels † , this vocal was inspired because of Marley ‘s ain firsthand experience of these struggles. One sad fact about this album was that two if the original members left to prosecute their ain solo callings, these were Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. The sets and reggaes popularity was increased abroad when the set toured extensively now called Bob Marley & A ; the Wailers. They were joined by I-Threes which consisted of a group of 3 female singers, Marley ‘s married woman Rita, Marcia Griffiths, and Judy Mowatt. Marley was get downing to be on his manner to going an international music icon and was already a much admired star in Jamaica. He entered the U.S music charts in 1976 with the album ‘Rastaman Vibration ‘ . His devotedness to his religion and his involvement in political alteration was reflected in one of his vocals, â€Å" War † . The wordss to this vocal where taken from a address by Haile Selassie, the vocal discusses a new Africa, freedom, and racism. In 1976 there was an effort of blackwash on Marley because of his popularity and support of the People ‘s National Party from the challengers. The dark of December 3, 1976, a group of armed work forces broke into Marley ‘s and the Wailers dry run before a concert. Marley and his married woman were lucky and were merely injured from gun shootings but Don Taylor was shot 5 times and had to hold surgery in order to salvage him. Even though the effort of blackwash had occurred, Marley still played at the show that dark. The undermentioned twenty-four hours the Marley ‘s escaped the state. The following twelvemonth, 1977, Bob moved to London where he began to work on ‘Exodus ‘ . This vocal speaks about scriptural narratives of Moses and the Israelites go forthing expatriate and comparing this to his ain state of affairs. This subject besides links to another subject discussed in the vocal being returning to Africa, to the roots of Africans. This path was really popular in Britain and this vocal was followed with other successful vocals like ‘Waiting in Vain ‘ and ‘Jammin ‘ . The whole album was really popular and stayed in the British charts for more than a twelvemonth and is considered one of the best albums of all time made. During 1977, Marley wanted intervention on a toe he had injured earlier that twelvemonth, so detecting it to be cancerous cells on his toe. Bob required surgery for it to be removed in Miami, Florida. Even thought Marley and the Wailers were doing Exodus they all recorded what would be released on another album, Kaya, which came out the undermentioned twelvemonth, 1978. The two chief records in this album were ‘Is This Love ‘ and ‘Satisfy My Soul ‘ , this record subject was love. Even after his last experience in Jamaica with an effort of blackwash he returned to Jamaica and in his One Love Peace Concert he made the two parties PNP and JLP leaders shake custodies on phase, I think this shows the finding of Bob towards integrity and love. That same twelvemonth Bob visited Africa for the first clip in his life. He visited topographic points like Kenya and Ethiopia and evidently Ethiopia being more important to him because of the dealingss with Rastafarianism. His following album portrayed a batch the integrity of Africa and the terminal of the subjugation at that place. Survival, the album, was largely inspired from his visit to Africa. A immense international success, Uprising ( 1980 ) featured â€Å" Could You Be Loved † and â€Å" Redemption Song. † The pared down folk-sounding â€Å" Redemption Song † was an illustration of Marley ‘s endowments as a songster, crafting poetic wordss with societal and political importance. The line â€Å" emancipate yourselves from mental bondage ; none but ourselves can liberate our heads † is merely one illustration of his prowess. On circuit to back up the album, Bob Marley & A ; The Wailers traveled throughout Europe, playing to big crowds. The group besides planned a series of concerts in the United States, but the tour shortly fell apart. In New York City, they played two concerts at Madison Square Garden before Marley became badly. It was discovered that the earlier malignant neoplastic disease discovered in his toe had spread throughout his organic structure. Traveling to Europe, Bob Marley underwent unconventional intervention in Germany. He was able to contend off the malignant neoplastic disease for months. But as it became clear that he did non hold much longer to populate, Marley tried to return to his beloved Jamaica one last clip. He was non able to complete the journey, deceasing in Miami, Florida, on May 11, 1981. Shortly before his decease, Marley had received the Order of Merit from the Jamaican authorities. He had besides been awarded the Medal of Peace from the United Nations in 1980. Adored by the people of Jamaica, Marley was given a hero ‘s sendoff. More than 30,000 people paid their respects to him while his organic structure was lying in province at the National Arena. As a portion of his memorial service, his married woman Rita, Marcia Griffiths, and Judy Mowatt American ginseng and the Wailers played.