Business Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Environments - Essay ExampleHanafizadeh, Kazazi and Azam (2011) assert that in scenario intend, various scenarios ar considered in the decisions of company perplexity which involves making long term plans for the organization. Managers consider laying plans which are conciliatory enough to alter the company to adapt to the changes in the legal, economic, political, friendly cultural and environmental scenarios at bottom a market. The role of scenario supplying is to remove the uncertainties which face the business processes as explained by Mason (2003). In this regard, it is explained that scenario intend enables managers to make flexible long term plans which enable an organization to make use of the business opportunities in the business market while reducing the risks associated with the various uncertainties of conducting business in a competitive environment. This stem gives a critical analysis of the various scenarios which managers of an organization conside r in scenario planning with an aim of illustrating how this planning enables organizations to survive the competitive global business environment. According to Mason (2003), scenario planning begins with the decision of company management on the most suitable and most appropriate drivers which enable the organization to make the most trenchant changes for the survival of the uncertain business environment. ... As such organizations must decide on necessary changes within the organization which allow for enable it to meet the demands of the culturally diverse work force. Mason (2003) points out that the homophile resource are the drivers of change within an organization, as a result, the management must make decisions which get out ensure that the strategic plans meet the needs of the organization. Such planning must be within the social and cultural scenario of the business environment. This is to ensure that the social needs of the employees are met by the organization. These n eeds include a suitable working environment and a communication and relationship enhancing working conditions. Schoemaker (1995) exemplifies that strategic decisions and planning of adoption and implementation of technological techniques which will enhance the communication process of the work environment. This means that the employees or subordinates will be allowed to have an enhanced communication and relationships among themselves and the management. This is a process of a social cultural scenario planning through a planning process which ensures that suitable decisions are made to enable the employee needs to be met in the most suitable manner. Hanafizadeh, Kazazi and Azam (2011) explain that the importance which is made on the employees as the drivers of change is attributed to the particular that the workforce of any organization comprises of the most important stakeholder of business success. This is demonstrated by the fact that it is the employees who enable organization s to achieve innovation, creativity and increased production and thus competitiveness in the business environment. Tenaglia and Noonan (1992) assert that in scenario planning, companies must bring the drivers of change

Lipids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Lipids - Essay Example there are 3 subtypes of PPARs which bind to the promoter region of genes and induce fat metabolism. PPARs are located in the liver, heart and kidneys. Non-nuclear receptors such as sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) are also front which are responsible for cholesterol breakdown and synthesis of lipids. In the tender-hearteds, SREBP-1, SREBP-2 and their subtypes are present. SREBP-1 is involved in lipid biosynthesis whereas SREBP-2 is present for cholesterol biosynthesis. The SREBPs are located in the endoplasmic reticulum.Lipids are an important part of the human diet. The overuse of lipids leads to various medical conditions such as heart diseases. To overcome these diseases, the food industry has started output signal of fat-free foods which are basically fat substitute foods such as fat substitutes that are loot based, fat substitutes that are protein based substitutes and fat based substitutes themselves. Carbohydrate-based fat substitut es are compounds such as starches, cellulose, dextrins and gums. These substitutes show the same bulk and moistness but they cannot replace the amount of calories actual lipids generate. Carbohydrate-based fat substitutes are easier to plunk for than fat-based substitutes. be a dietician, this knowledge would be of significance in deciding the correct diet jut for different individuals. For example, the substituted food products can be advised to people who are at risk of exploitation diseases such as heart diseases. Fat-substitute compounds are also present in the market which create confusion. tribe willing to lose weight purchase these fat substitutes thinking their consumption would help them lose weight. Being a dietician it is important to tell people that the substituted fat foods have the same number of calories as actual lipids do. Olean, Salatrim and Caprenin are common substituted fat products which are all non-digestible. Olean has unwanted side effects

The Manchurian Candidate Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Manchurian Candidate - painting Review ExampleStaff Sergeant Raymond Shaw is shown in a movie about the Korean struggle as the gallant hero who fought for humankind and cod to his strength and determination, a major step antecedent was made in the war. Raymond Shaw is awarded the Congressional Medal of Honour upon the recommendation of the platoons commander, Captain Bennett Marco. Hes shown to be a really important person as generals are made to salute him and in that respects a whole parade upon his arrival. When Marco and his fellow platoon members are asked to describe Raymond Shaw, they automatically use the adjacent phrase to describe him Raymond Shaw is the kindest, bravest, warmest, most wonderful human being Ive ever k at presentn in my life. alone as Marco himself says it deep down they know that Shaw is a cold, sad, unsympathetic loner.After returning to the United States, the newly promoted now Major Marco starts suffering from a string of the comparable night mare in which he sees a spellbound Shaw, easily and without a single moment of hesitation murdering the two members of his platoon that had earlier not returned with. He does this in front of the Top Brass of the Communist regime during a demonstration of the Conditioning done by the Soviets to allow them to control Shaw at their will. Marco is very disturbed by these nightmares and he has trouble sleeping at night. He knows inside that there is something Shady about this whole incident. Marco wants to investigate this matter but due to the lack of substantial proof, he gets no help from the Army Intelligence but is transferred to the public traffic department. Marco however, learns from another officer from the same platoon, Allen Melvin, that he has been having the same nightmares as well. Both Melvin and Marco separately identify the same people as the top brass they see in their dreams and thus get the support of the regular army to help Marco investigate.

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment Essay

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting your organisation converse the opportunities and threats for your organisation - Essay Examplehe organization by applying relevant, correct strategic way possible action to determine the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket1 as an organization. By so doing, the paper aims also to discuss the sedulousness opportunities and threats.Strategic management aims for pass onment of corporate objectives. Strategic management theory could use the models called Porters five forces and SWOT to determine the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket. Before proceeding further, therefore, we be in possession of to understand the meaning of the models.SWOT stands for strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As to how the models relate to apiece other, Porters five forces will dissect the facts classifying the effects of the indust ry forces to the profitability2 of the industry. For example, the ease or worry of entry, which is part of the model, assumes that the presence of entry barriers is an opportunity since less competition will allow present players to have wider area for influencing prices. SWOT includes the companys strengths and weaknesses as opportunities and threats but we are only interested on the latter. The opportunities and threats that will be derived will be used to attain corporate objectives. As to how to attain objectives, industry opportunities must be taken advantage while industry threats must be avoided or overcome. The fetching of advantage will be in the nature of the strategies that need to be formulated and implemented to attain the desired objectives of Morrison Supermarket. Strategies must be prepared in relation to industry opportunity and threats as closely as companys strengths and weaknesses. However, since strengths and weaknesses are not made part of this analysis, it must made draw in that any strategy that may be may not fully consider the complete model. newfangled entrants will find few big players, which make them concentrated, making it difficult for

The Production of M. Butterfly and the Reflection of Culture Essay - 1

The Production of M. flit and the Reflection of Culture - Essay ExampleCriticisms towards M. butterfly range from arguments or debates over an illustration of sexualities and ethnicity, Orientalism politics, flying field to performance theories. As such, this essay explores and analyzes the production of M. Butterfly and ways through which the play manifests Asian beautiful designs, tales, costume designs, movements, and sounds to the whole world.The play incorporates various Asian cistrons. For instance, the stage design has a hanamichi, the actors wear Nipponese traditional clothes and the storyline depicts the notion of an Asian woman who is slender, beautiful and obedient. Additionally, M Butterfly employs the element of cross-dressing which is a Chinese characteristic commonly used by Beijing opera actors. All these elements in the play represent Asia.Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini inspired David Hwang into writing the M. Butterfly play. Hwang based his play on a true story. Renne Gallimard, the hotshot works as a civil servant in the French Embassy in China. The protagonist falls in love with Song Liling, the Chinese opera diva succession in the process of watching Madama Butterfly. They immediately establish a love relationship that proceeds to conk out more than two decades. The end of the love passion comes when authorities sentence Gallimard of treason with subsequent imprisonment. To his surprise, the protagonist discovers that the purported lover was a man and a government investigator. Gallimard commits suicide for failing to accept the truth. The play by Hwang has three acts. Act 1 has thirteen scenes whereas Act 2 has seven and three scenes in the uttermost(a) Act.M. Butterfly presents a fictionalized story of a French diplomat who was in a relationship with an Asian, specifically Chinese singer for more than twenty years without actually knowing that his beautiful obedient and submissive lover was actually a male. Gallimard views himself as being clumsy when it comes to love. However, he considers himselfblessed since he has a devoted beautiful and exotic woman (Liling Song).

Laboratory Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Laboratory shroud - Essay ExampleQuestion 4 In this example of the elbow flexion set down receipt (i.e. the task performed during the laboratory), state the muscle from which the data from sheet 1 was recorded, and whether the weight down was removed unexpectedly or was self-removed by the subject. What was the latency of the responseAnswer The data from sheet 1 showed the elbow flexion unloading response of the biceps. The weight was self- removed as we observed the reduced electromyogram activity of the biceps, starting forwards the onset of the unloading. The latency time is about 50 milliseconds.Question 5 Based on render from the laboratory and/or the literature, explain the major reflex pathway that causes the reduction in agonist EMG in the unexpected unloading response. Include the series of neural events from just prior to the release of the weight until the end of the first agonist (biceps) response.Answer Anticipation in the postural domain is an example of the expe rtness of the CNS to predict the consequence of the mechanical effect of movement on posture and helps minimize a forthcoming disturbance. A classical example was provided by the pioneer work of Belenkiy et al. (1967). They showed that, during arm raising spell standing, the prime mover activity in the biceps brachii was preceded by an activation of a leg muscle, the biceps femoris, starting atomic number 6 ms before the movement onset.

Organisational responses to responsible business drivers Assignment

Organisational responses to responsible business drivers - Assignment ExampleThe aim of this ramble will be looking at the challenges that McDonalds has been facing regarding corporate sustainability and the various actions that they have interpreted as an organization to make sure that their corporate responsibility is enhanced. McDonalds is one of the most cognise fast food restaurants globally. McDonalds has outlets in more than 100 countries. However, their headquarters is in the United States of America. Among some other things, the restaurant is popular for its hamburger. However, it should be noted that they also sell products such as French fries, cheeseburgers, chicken, around the bend drinks, desserts, fish, milkshakes, salad, smoothies, and wraps.There are a number of sustainability challenges that are faced by McDonalds. One of the sustainability challenges that the company faces is the follow of water that is usually needed to baffle beef. About 15,500 cubic meter s are usually needed to produce a kilogram of beef. Apart from the water, they will also need 36 kilograms of roughage and 6.5 kilograms of grain unspoilt to produce a kilogram of beef. Given the fact that hamburger is their main product, this trend can be rather alarming (Porter 2008, p. 407). Given the level of competition in this industry, the company has to rely on twopenny-halfpenny trade union movement and beef in order to remain competitive. Depending on cheap labour and beef makes it truly hard for them to be sustainable. For instance, in most cases the cheaper beef is always not verified. Sometimes, depending on cheap labour might deny an organization the chance of having highly motivated and satisfied employees.Another sustainability challenge that the organization faces is brought about by the effect that consumption of fast food has on human beings. The high appendage of obesity cases in the US is always associated with poor eating habits. One of the most commonly m entioned and

The similarities, and differences, between the philosophies of John Term Paper

The similarities, and differences, between the philosophies of John Rawls Theory of jurist, Adam Smith Theory for object lesson Sent - Term Paper ExampleIn the end what we have in furnish seminal capitalism is an extrapolation of earlier theories, customized and set to the more practical tune of direct intervention and redistribution. Rawls and gate in the Looking Glass Bill Gates and seminal capitalism in relationship to Rawls Theory of Justice provides the basis for comparison between pure social theory and practical application. Not that the two perpetually coincide, and certainly not that either necessarily agrees with the other implicitly. Yet both(prenominal) Shaw and Barry put forth the advise that Rawls ideas like those of Gates touch a responsive chord (Shaw and Barry128). Rawls concept of society as a cooperative make believe (Shaw and Barry 129) resonate throughout Gates 2008 remarks before the World Economic Forum. As social contract theory, both Gates and Rawls c all for a rethinking and extension of original social contracts proposed by earlier philosophers. But perhaps the most significant connection tying the two emanates from Rawls theory that social and scotch inequalities are justify only if those inequalities benefit the least advantaged members of society (Shaw and Barry 129). ... (Gates, Economic Forum 1) Guth goes further in his criticism, referring to Gates proposals for notional capitalism as a revision of capitalism (Guth par 1), a concept never democratic with purists. It can also be said that in rethinking the terms of capitalism vis a vis the worlds hapless, Gates returns to Rawls concept of original position. Beyond mere philanthropy--a term often used to describe Gates work--he is offering the wealthiest an opportunity, as Rawls theory suggests, to gather, think and discuss the meaning of true social justice in economic terms (Shaw and Barry 133). Rawls rather naive conclusion, however, that those discussing original po sition must not be conscious of social circumstance runs counter to Gates full acknowledgement of social level and his direct appeal to the wealthiest. Stating the two striking forces of human nature as self-importance interest and caring for others (Gates, World Economic Forum 3), Gates agrees with Rawls at least regarding self interest as a driver, taking the theory of what makes capitalism assay a step further in proposing that The genius of capitalism lies in its ability to make self interest serve the wider interest (Gates, World Economic Forum 3). Regarding the thrust of both Rawls theory and creative capitalism, it is difficult and wrong to declare that one or the other is based on pure think or pure sympathy. Yet in analyzing Rawls and Gates one might tend more toward judgments of savvy over sympathy as the catalyst for their proposals. Gates, however, at times tends toward the latter in his declaration that the poor of the world have not enough resources to sustain the m.(Gates, World

Starbuck Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbuck Corporate Social Responsibility - establish ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that Starbuck Corporation is an international burnt umber company with its headquarter in Seattle, Washington. Currently, the company has over 20,000 stores in more than 60 countries global massive. However, a majority of its stores are laid in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and the large part of Asia among other parts of the world. The company offers the wide range of food services ranging from beverages (hot and cold), pastries, whole bean coffee, full-leaf tea and micro-ground instant coffee among others. Other stores likewise provide take away food like sandwiches and items like tumblers and mugs among others. Other than meals, Starbuck offers beers and wines although this restricted to stores located in favorite locations. The company growth has around negative business ethics implications on its own workers and so far those in other companies. Such include i llegal outsourcing, poor salary schemes and even negative environmental and social impact on the neighboring community. Despite the challenges faced by Starbuck, the company has adopted some of the best business or corporation to enable it to realize its goals and objectives. For instance, the company has a good exit of stores in low economical countries to target the low earners who cannot afford services from more advanced coffee and fast food companies. The company also initiates numerous community projects to boost its relations with the locals, and this has positive impacts on its general income. Starbuck is well known for leasing with both national and international organizations as away from attracting more customers, and so increased income. The company involves the locals in major decision making and this makes them feel appreciated. For instance, the company asks the locals about their opinions with find out to environmental and social impacts before major constructions are conducted. The locals opinions are incorporated in the environmental perplexity plan to help mitigate the negative impacts of such new projects.

Chicano 310 - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chicano 310 - - Essay showcaseFrom the onset, the song La Huasanga involves profound play of guitar accompanied with five sequences of strings. This effect offers the rhythmic basic tenor of the music and creates the unique appeal to the ears. In addition, the exceptional jarana instrument provides tighter sound and higher pitch. This in second brings out the special and needed rhythmic variant which most songs lack. To add, the violin instrument offers primary come of essential ornate inventiveness at the pinched out instrumental fragments of the song.Into the lyrics La Huasanga is embraced with more bored lyrics such as love, nature and longing as compared to holy lyrics. At some point utterer Monroy Martnez highlights that add a little chili in the stew if you dislike it, meanwhile the primitive instruments produce the indispensable components which score the song more enjoyable. Generally, it is the presence of high falsetto vocal that make the song more distinctive.In co nclusion, La Huasanga serves to provide knowledge about the characteristic foundations that make up the past and modern society. While listening to the song, it is imperative to understand the cultural and social implication of the music. Largely, La Huasanga differ with and also apply the lively melodies therefore, it is a unique piece of

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Dissertation

Fruit content of fruit succus and apple juice content of cider using desoxyribonucleic acid methodology - Dissertation ExampleThe population want the analytical techniques to be very quick and easy for the identification of the honesty and accuracy of the ingredients. many a(prenominal) modern analytical techniques are employ for the analysis of the plant or animal species in the nourishments. The techniques ground on desoxyribonucleic acid are much common nowadays. The people have lost their hope on chemical analysis as they cannot predict the correct results because of the varying processing methods. DNA is resistant to the food processing method hence this can employ for the analysis. Most of the molecular genetic techniques are plant on the PCR, pyrosequencing and CAPS (Cleavable Amplifiable polymorphic Sites). Aim of the project To determine the fruit content of the fruit juice, using the DNA methodologies. Main work packages The fruit juices are selected and tested for the fruit content based on the protect of the juice and to check the level of fraudulent substitution of other fruits in the juice using the DNA methodologies. The high value fruit juices are accidentally or fraudulently substituted with the other fruits. This affects the trustworthy of the harvest-festival in the customers mind. Hence a novel technique that can identify these fraudulent are compulsory for the prevention. (Bauer et al. 2003). Outline of the project The fruit juices were obtained from the commercial juice producers. The fresh juices were mixed thoroughly by shake and inverting. (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The fruit juices are then diluted with the ultra pure water. This dilution is done to reduce the percentage of boodle in the juice. The DNA was extracted from the fruit juices using the Standard CTAB DNA extraction method. (Kress et al. 2005). One ml of the have was suspended in the 5 ml of the CTAB buffer, 100mmTris HCl, 20mM EDTA, 1.4M NaCl and 40l of proteinas e K solution. It was vigorously shaked ad stored at 60 degree Celsius overnight. (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The clear supported was removed and added with equal volume of chloroform and centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. Equal volume of isopropanol was added to precipitate DNA. The pelleted DNA was washed with ethanol and dried and stored in the 1X TE buffer. The concentration of the DNA was estimated using suitable methods. The DNA obtained was amplified before moving to the PCR. The amplified product was confirmed with the colloidal gel dielectrolysis. The design of the primer is an important part of PCR. The primers for the psbA-trnH chloroplast are used for the Taberlet PCR. (Delano and Schmidt 2004). The products can be amplified using the Taberlet PCR and used for further studies. The PCR products were then run in the gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments were separated in the gel electrophoresis and the gel images are captured in the Gel Doc. The DNA are then sepa rated and extracted from the gel and the lying-in enzymes are used for the further analysis. The restriction enzymes are specific for the species. The restriction enzymes that can be used for fruit juice analysis are Acil, Apol, Dbel, Mbol,Mnll, NlaIII, TaqAl etc., (Taberlet et al. 1991). The Full length of the DNA can be found by aligning the contigs of the sample. Consensus sequences are generated using the Bioinformatics tools. These consensus sequences can then be used for the analysis of PCR-RFLP patterns. The Apol and Dbel are used for the analysis of the six different fruit species such as apple, blueberry, elderberry, grape, pear and pomegranate. If Apol

Week 4 Student Blog Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 Student Blog Post - Assignment ExampleThe primary collections in this museum include the floor of Philadelphian Africa Americans back in the twentieth century and showcases about the city and episodes of the black panthers to sports accessory (Macdonald 34).Upon visiting this museum, I will compose a song. The lyrics of my song will be driven principally by the rich African American culture that I will find stored in the museum. In addition, the art of politics of the Philadelphian Africa Americans, which will be easily read from the scriptures, will heavily influence the prime(a) of my song.Articles and publications, lectures, tours, outreach programs and workshops, so far provided in class, will be of great help for my assignment. Nevertheless, previous studies in anthropology and history will greatly enhance my ways of attacking this assignment as they provide an individual with informative skills.Visiting Philadelphian Africa Americans museum will greatly improve my a bility to tackle the assignment as it this will purpose me an opportunity for gaining practical skills and at the same time give more rooms for innovations and

HR Strategic Plan for the company I work for thhe company Essay

HR Strategic Plan for the troupe I work for thhe company - Essay ExampleIt in addition set out new strategical directions and an action plan for implementation.A team headed by the Vice President, Human Resource Management has been inaugurated to monitor the implementation of the plan. The consulting firm is pass judgment to evaluate plan implementation quarterly and present a comprehensive report to the Board of Directors, and also prepare and present an annual report at each AGM.JP Lexington was incorporated in the USA in 1978. It is essentially into manufacturing of electric generating sets and water pumping machines but has ventured into production of electrical and electronic accessories of automobiles. The company has its first and biggest imbed at Ann Arbor, Michigan and three other plants in Virginia, Texas and Hawaii. JP Lexington has also successfully opened and operated offshore branches in Malaysia, Singapore and China. Its expansion plan included acquisition and part nership with firms in China and India for new or adaptive trademarks.The companys headquarters in Ann Arbor and regional marketing offices in Brasilia, brazil-nut tree (for South America and the Caribbean), Abuja, Nigeria (for Africa), Dubai, UAE (for Middle East), Shanghai, China (for East and Central Asia), Moscow, Russia (for Russia, Caucasia and East europium) and Amsterdam, the Netherlands (for West and Central Europe and Scandinavia). The company currently has 12,578 salaried employees and over 5,900 casualized employees.The company and its industry-specific, sector-wide and economic environment was x-rayed to identify the following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which this strategic plan is designed to explore and transform.JP Lexington will in the side by side(p) 10 years advance to the next level in the use of environmentally-friendly technology. It will continue producing sophisticated version of its old products buts will consistently divert is energy , resources and competencies into

LAW2040 PROPERTY LAW 2B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2040 PROPERTY LAW 2B - Essay ExampleThis arrangement went on for seven years James making the mortgage repayments, while Cara did domestic chores. Cara did not make each mortgage payments on this right away, nor did she have a child at seat to care for. Because the proceeds from the flat were used to buy the cop farm, it is therefore pertinent to analyze whose holding was the flat in the get-go instance. Therefore, the real question here is whether Caras domestic contribution towards the household factors into who would be entitled to pose claim to the original flat? This question can be answered by examining fire v. Burns 1984 Ch 317. In Burns, the plaintiff, Valerie Burns, lived with the defendant for 19 years, without the benefit of marriage. Valerie did not contribute financially towards the purchase price of the home or the mortgage installments, and acted as a homemaker. She also paid some household bills and paid for expenses related to redecorating. However, the B urns court stated that, absence any proof that Valerie do financial contributions to the purchase price or the mortgage installments, she did not have the right to beneficial entitlement to the home. In this study, Cara did contribute to purchase price, then made no other financial contributions for the next seven years. Therefore, the property would be Caras to the extent that she financially contributed to it, and no more, and the rest would be considered to be James. It is unclear how much Cara put towards the property when the property was purchased, and for how much the flat was sold, but any money that was realized from the sale of this property would belong mostly to James, which means that James put most of the money towards the financing of the pig farm, even though the pig farm was titled only in Caras name. That said, other cases indicate that Cara would be entitled to a share of the original flat, beyond what she contributed financially, so the analysis will also take this into account. The leading case which would answer this question would be Oxley v. Hiscock 2004 EWCA Civ 546. In this case, two unmarried parties purchased a house, and the property was transferred into the name of the male partner, who was the defendant. In this case, as in the case at bar, both parties directly contributed to the purchase price of the house. Because the non-owner of this home did directly contribute directly towards the purchase price, the non-owner was entitled to a beneficial share of the home. Therefore, the principle completed by Lloyds Bank plc v. Rosset 1990 UKHL 14 would not be used. The principle in Rosset, which echoes the principle in Burns, is that lead alone would not entitle an individual to a beneficial interest in property. Nothing slight than direct monetary contribution would suffice. That said, Abbott v. Abbott 2007 UKPC 53 states that a partys course of conduct would be examined in relation to the property, in order to determine who had what share of the home. However, Holbech states that the Abbott court would only look at indirect contributions towards the purchase price, such as payments into a joint account out of which the mortgage was paid, or works to improve the property. Drake v. Whipp 1986 Ch 638 is another case which addresses these concerns.

Dunkin donuts corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dunkin donuts corporation - Assignment ExampleDunkin anchor rings competes with Starbucks in burnt umber sales and Krispy Kreme in donut sales. This make-up takes a closer look at Dunkin Donuts with regards to its competitors, strategic group affair and its scene in the market.The keep down of restaurants in the coffee and donut industry is incredibly long. According to hoovers, a D&B community reports, the top competitors of Dunkin Donuts are Starbucks Corporation in coffee, Krispy Kremeand Dairy butt in donuts and meth cream and McDonald in limited-service restaurant. In 2005 Starbuck had a 43% market share in gourmet coffee while Dunkin Donut had 27% followed by Krispy Kreme with 5% share (Dunkin Donuts, 7). In the same report, Dunkin Donuts was ranked the leading Donut and ice cream chain with a market share of 28.5% followed by Tim Hortons with 27% and Dairy Queen with a 20.2% market share.Although Dunkin Donuts deals in donuts and other baked products, the product that brings the company a relatively big profit is the varieties of coffee drinks they serve. It sells approximately 1 billion cups of coffee in a year (Dunkin Brands Corporation, n.pg).This impute Dunkin donutsas one of the three java giants the other two being Starbucks and McDonald. Dunkin Donuts has the number one share of coffee beverages, donut, bagel, and muffin servings. In addition, it managed to have the second share in breakfast and quick service restaurants and is recognise as first in customer loyalty in the coffee category for the last cardinal years in business. Furthermore, it was ranked tenth in 2012 franchise 500 in fast nutriment survey of quick refreshment chains.Strategic group map mechanism has enabled Dunkin Donuts to understand its competitors and look for its position in the market. There are a number of strategies that have been introduced by Strategic group map mechanism. The first strategy was coming up with friendly prices of its products. Its products are affordable and cheaper

Everybody Needs Somebody Essay Example for Free

Everybody Needs Somebody EssayMany people vacillate to institutionalise themselves to marriage because of the responsibilities involved, but what does the word marriage, that so many desist from means. Its the state of macrocosm united body, soul and mind to a soul of the opposite sex as husband or wife consensual and contractual relationship recognized by some(prenominal) the Lord and the law. Moreover, pledging your allegiance, promising to be there for better or for worse, in sickness and in health..till death do us raceway. A lot of individuals progress the decision never to marry there may be definite circumstances why they may feel that way. For slip they may shed had awful relationships in their olden and of the opinion that their significant other will never be found or plainly the sight skillful dont want that type of payload.conjugation has its advantages by the bountiful, so if you are in love and sure that you want to subsist the rest of your bread and butter with him/her, then unquestionably go frontwards and walk down the aisle. I confidently disagree that beingness single is far more positive than being married. Marriage offers companionship. In a healthy marriage, you are never al wizard. Your spouse will continuously be there to lend a sympathetic ear. Sometimes, of carry, your spouse might not be truly listening to you but it is better to talk to psyche than being alone. Additionally, its satisfying to have someone you sureness completely and love unconditionally to have stimulating conversation with.For instance to discuss ideas, major(ip) financial matters and practice your humor and simply want o be consoled at the end of the day. In the period 2008, research done in the USA showed that expressing your feeling, merely talking to your spouse and letting them turn in how you feel, reduces your chance of divorce, dishonesty and senseless arguments. As well, companionship offers support and can be particularly grav e at times of misfortune. Thus, the companionship that marriage offer beats being single any day. Marriage opens the gates to a rich social life. Basically by having a partner with you, you can have a social life that is not so readily or easily available for a single person. You can visit romantic places together or holiday together.You can spend important quality time with each other also relaxing without any interruptions for a single person it may be difficult because usually social life is geared around couples. Hence a single person can often be left out or sometimes just not invited. Although it may be true at times, that having children might seem to encumber your social life but really it brings a pulsating change in your social life also much of that life involves being with your children. Marriage puts a stamp of tolerability in society. Research reveals that married men/women have yearlong lifespan compared to single individuals.This can result in three points 1. Marr iage stabilizers men and women this is so because, the direct for multiple partners arent considered necessary when you are married besides you can be confident that your dependable spouse isnt going to be adulterous 2. In the case of reducing stress, take for example raising a child, although many single parents do raise children successfully. It seems the stress is less when the tasks are shared out with a partner.3. The point of being pleased. Many men/women get satisfied sexually by being married. This is so because by being intimate with someone you pledged your life to and love, you are contented both physically and mentally. Consequently, by having sexual relations when single your mate is random.This type of intimacy is fabricated and has no symbolic meaning. At such times having a marriage has its rewards over being single. As express above marriage has its advantages, the ones mentioned are just a few to start with. Each marriage is of course different, but the connect ion that is shared among two married persons who have unexplained love, intimacy and forever commitment is extremely sacred. Being married, said by many people is about accepting a person for who they are, faults include. To be so dedicated and honorable that together you can overcome any type of trial by ordeal life throws also learning to grow from those hardships.Its about making sacrifices and putting your complete trust in your spouse. Knowing, they would refrain from temptation and be honest when it is needed. There are so many types of definitions that could be used to describe what marriage is nevertheless the one that really carries the most sentimental value is the one shared among married couples. It is forlorn that single people choose to remain unmarried, they may not the rejoicing marriage brings to a person, but marriage is a privilege so why not make use of it.

The Importance of Character Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Character EssayAccording to Booker T. Washington, American educator and civil rights activistic (1856-1915) Character, not circumstance, makes the soulfulness it is the things you choose to do that shape your personality and develop good roughage. Your character is the decision making factor of what you choose to do in any circumstance. Character is built throughout a persons lifetime and often what you learn as a teenager is what is used to lay the bum of your adult self. Self-control builds character. As human beings, each of us has desires some of them innocent others morally wrong. homo are the only animals who are actually able to make individual resources. Making the right choice is a feature of self-control. You may not always get what you want when you want it but the nominal head of self-control means you are able to wait patiently. Citizenship is a way for a person to crack back to their community. It is important not only for the good of th e community, but for the good of the individual. It teaches cooperation and selflessness in that big back to those who support you is a way to build your own character.Patriotism goes consecrate in hand with citizenship except that it involves not only the good of the community, but of the nation that we are fortunate enough to comprise in. The nation must be protected so that the rights of its people are also protected. Being problematical with the community and the nation is a great way to keep a teenager involved in worthwhile activities. Honesty is a trait found in those of strong character. At times it is heavy(p) to be honest but the development of character means doing the right thing, no matter the constitute or pain to yourself.To fully enjoy relationships with others, you must care enough about them to promise zipper less than honesty. Lying is easy facing the truth and stating it without fear is often the harder, less traveled course to take. The concept of fairne ss means that you need to treat all people as equals. Give others the make of the doubt and assume they are being honest. It shows your own good character to treat others the same as you expect to be treated. Courage is a component of all the aspects of a persons character. precisely with courage can you speak the truth, do what is morally right and live up to your own broad(prenominal) expectations of the type of person you should be. There is no one thing that makes a persons character. healthy character is a mixed bag of admirable traits, any of which can be pulled up and relied upon when necessary. It is character that will see a person through the toughest of times knowing that he is able to trust on his own self-control, honesty, courage and sense of fairness to do what is right, not only for himself but in service of his community, and nation.

The importance of Cromwells military role Essay Example for Free

The imwork forceseness of Cromwells force graphic symbol EssayUsing these four passages and your get knowledge, assess the gull that the importance of Cromwells phalanx role in the Civil War has been magnify.Oliver Cromwell was natural in 1599 into a middle class gentry family in Huntingdon. He began his c arr as a Member of Parliament for Cambridge in 1628 he went on to fight in the Civil War as subroutine of the Parliamentarian army, with a number of roles as he rose through with(predicate) the ranks from captain to lieutenant- universal. Cromwell fought in legion(predicate) difference of opinions with great conquest and was seen to name had great phalanx and leadership skills. In my opinion, I believe that Cromwells armed forces role in the Civil War was not exaggerated the however analysis and rating of the passages will service me to prove this view.One view of Cromwells host role would agree that the importance he held was a result of his unusual milita ry approach and his characteristics. The approaches that he physical exertiond made him arise divulge as they were seen as unique. Interpretation C states he raised such men as had the fear of matinee idol before them and made them conscience of what they did. This relates to Cromwells use of religion inwardly his cavalry as he was a dev go forth Puritan himself. He believed that he was undertaking Gods work and saw e really military victory as being won with the help of God. The use of religion would have been a strong motivation for either of the troops, which made them differ from any otherwise cavalry at the time. Another Interpretation that shares evidence of this is Interpretation D as it states he seems to have been instinctively aware that, in war, moral forces can far outweigh the physical.This touch sensation in God was thought to have been the driving force behind Cromwell which gave him the determination in involvement that others did not possess. This determin ation is apparent inwardly the battle of Marston Moor as Interpretation A mentions that he kept such go over his man and over the battle when all three of his unequivocal generals had given it up for lost. The actions of Marston Moor were seen to recognise Cromwell as an extraordinary character. Interpretations A, C and D all show evidence of Cromwells use of religion indoors war and how it was succeederful in his cavalry. The mention of religion in these sources appear to give the impression that these religious maneuver set out him out from others cavalry commanding officer at the time. Therefore, this shows the difference between him and other military leaders, proving the view that he was a unique character, which is ultimately a accompanimentor in his military success.Cromwell also used other military approaches that were seen as unusual at the time, such as his use of discipline. He was seen to have total control over his cavalry in which they followed every order such as his ability to regroup his forces into a tight formation. There is further evidence of his disciplinary actions at heart Interpretation C, an unusually gamey degree of discipline on, as well as off, the battlefield. This discipline allowed him to carry out interrelated military locks with great success. The battle of Marston Moor in July 1644 was seen as a dramatic struggle as the Royalists held many profits but Cromwells decision to rally his cavalry after victory and aid the other side of the battlefield was the decisive tactic that won the Parliamentarians the battle.Without the discipline that Cromwell used in his cavalry he would not have been able to rally his men the way he did. The battle of Marston Moor was prearranged which was a disadvantage to both the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. However, Cromwells cavalry waited until early evening in order to obtain the share of surprise. This decision was a major factor in the victory over the Royalists in this battl e as they were unprepared for the attack. The actions throughout the battle were unique and cunning and from the evidence appeared to have won the Parliamentarians their victory. Therefore, Ashleys version shows he was of great importance to the military success of the Parliamentarians through his decisions on the battlefield. Therefore, confirming that his military study has not been exaggerated.However, this view that Cromwells military role was not exaggerated is simply based on the numerous victories that he was a part of in his time of being a soldier. However, Ashley acknowledges that Cromwell held all the advantage at the Battle of Marston Moor. Yet, he does not take this into account in the description. He focuses upon Cromwells tactics being exceptional quite than considering that all Cromwells advantages won the victory and not his tactics. This unbalanced variation is, therefore, limited and it undermines its reliability. Interpretation A recalls the events of the ba ttle of Marston Moor and states that it lacked coordinated command, which was before the New nonplus host, thus weakening the rendition that Cromwell was such a good general. Yet, the New Model Army was created in order to control the numerous Parliamentarian armies throughout the country, the bases of the Army was to become disciplined, trained and motivated.These characteristics were very apparent within Cromwells cavalry during the battle of Marston Moor and could have been the backgrounding behind the structuring of the New Model Army as it was proven to be successful. However, we need to consider whether this success as a cavalry commander was equally matched by his career as a general. Interpretation C also shows evidence of further military victories such as the defeat of Rupert at the battle of Naseby in June 1645 and a following success at the battle of Langport, which gave the Parliamentarians control over the West of England. This proves evidence that he was equally su ccessful as a general and therefore deserves his reputation. Further evidence of military success is also apparent within Interpretation D, regarding the Preston campaign of 1648, this was a battle in which Cromwell was the main commander of the force and defeated the assail Royalists and Scottish armies.This victory was seen to be the defeat of the Royalists that lead to the end of the Civil War. These numerous military successes are evidence that Cromwell showed importance to the military cause of the Parliamentarians. We also know of another military success that took vex in 1649, this was Cromwells conquest of Ireland where he took Wexford in a massacre of 3,500 troops and civilians with only a small number of Parliamentarian casualties in comparison. These numerous victories indicate that the use of Cromwells military approach through the New Model Army proved successful. However, it is difficult to make a judgement with this evidence, as it could be argued that it was possib le that these victories could have been achieved without Cromwells role in them, if another strong leader was present. These other military victories are not mentioned within the definitions, this implies that they were not taken into account in judging the capability of Cromwell as a military leader and could hinder the opinion presented from the interpretation.It is also believed that Cromwell was not in fact the military success that people saw him as. Interpretation D mentions his atypical Cromwellian aggression that came out during battles, the interpretation implies his aggression and drive was the main factors that lead him to such success. The interpretation does not see him as an not bad(p) tactician as interpretation A and C imply but name his as a very sound and capable tactician, which seems to offer a more convincing view of Cromwell.The repeated use of confirmatory language in these interpretations could be an indicator of Cromwells ability. However, interpretation D does not believe that Cromwell was the wit that interpretation A does, stating that he never really reached the heights of a master of the strategic manoeuvre. This shows that the evidence in interpretation D most strongly agrees with the view that the importance of Cromwells military role was exaggerated than any of the other interpretation. I disagree with the view that interpretation D implies, that Cromwells military role was exaggerated as the evidence regarding the battle of Marston Moor in both interpretation A and C outweighs the view presented in source D.The interpretation also describes him as hasty and panoptic in his tactics on the battlefield, these negative phrases emphasise that the evidence does not agree with the importance of Cromwells military role. This idea is contradicted within the evidence shown in interpretation A as it states led them crosswise the battlefield to the aid of his right wing, had a crucial move with the hall-mark of genius upon it, this w as relating to the battle of Marston Moor in 1644.The tactics of Marston Moor were seen this way as they were very unique at the time and no other cavalry commanders managed their cavalries in this way. Cromwells use of his religion and confidence in his belief were seen to be the reason behind his success as implied in interpretation D, sheer force of will he seems to have been instinctively aware. This could be a reason for and against the exaggeration of his military role as it set him apart from other which may have made him more successful. It may prove to be for the view that the role was an exaggeration as it could be implied that Cromwell relied on his religious beliefs, as he did not see to it the tactical skills of his fellow cavalry commanders.Interpretation B shows the importance of Cromwells military role in a different way to the other interpretation as it only seems to concentrates on the political successes within his career as he rose to power to become Lord Protec tor. It explains that the major political success of Cromwell grew from the victories throughout his military career. His military success in the Civil War made him stand out and come to a spotlight within the government, allowing him to successfully work his way up politically, as interpretation B states the well-deserved rise to fame, which in turn enhanced his position in the political world. The fact that Cromwell was so success in his political career could be the reasoning to imply that his military role was also success as a result of a simple assumption.Cromwells main successes that are identified in the evidence are from Cromwells victories as a cavalry commander rather than as a general. As a cavalry commander, he proved numerously successful in battle yet his victories in the role of a general are not mentioned within the source in the same way as the cavalry commander role. This could be because he did not reach the blush of a military career as he changed his focused h imself on the political issues within England at the time. This fact could indicate that his military career was exaggerated as the evidence focuses on his success as a cavalry commander rather than a general in a higher graded position. However, a clear judgement regarding this cannot be made, as further evidence regarding his victories as a general would need to be assessed.In conclusion, it is possible that the importance of Cromwells military role was slightly exaggerated but he was important to the Parliamentarian side through the numerous victorious battles that he was a part of, which are shown in interpretation A, C and D. His unusual military approach such as the use of discipline and religion, as well as his own personality set him apart from others cavalry commanders. altogether these characteristics made Cromwell a success and as source B states, went on to help him in his political career, it could be said that this political career was a result of his actions in a mi litary role. Ultimately, Cromwells importance in a military role was not exaggerated and he proved to be a very successful asset within the Civil War due to his numerous military victories.

Comparing The Yellow Wallpaper with Hop Frog Essay Example for Free

Comparing The fair-livered cover with hop salientian EssayThe yellow Wallpaper and skip over toad frog were both written at a quantify of social turbulence and revolution. Poe wrote skitter Frog twelve years prior to the American civil war, so it is fitting that many of the ideas in the re rearation carry a strong anti- break hotshots backry message. Similarly, The color Wallpaper was written in 1892 just before the finish of equal-rights for women. Gillmans The Yellow Wallpaper is one of the early feminist texts in which her writing criticises the position that women were oppressed into and the ignorance of friendship as a whole. twain Gillman and Poe attack fiercely these ideas that were both upheld and volitionally accepted by the legal age of society. These two settings immediately portray the two central characters, a womanhood and a striver, as two of an unheard minority, who were subjected to an unjust, patriarchal world.One of the main similarities betw een bound off Frog and The Yellow Wallpaper is the asynchronous transfer mode of each of the stories. Both argon horror stories argon very dark, and have a horror genre, that hop-skip Frog is also similar to a fairy tale in that it is quite unbelievable, and where jump Frogs surroundings are fantasy, the bank clerks surroundings are quite real. in spite of their differences, both of the novels surroundings and atmosphere are symbolic of the elan the central character is feeling or creation treated. For example, gluttony and corruption of the business leader and his ministers surround skitter Frog and Poes darkly vivid descriptions of these reflect the mood of skitter-Frog.The oily ministers and a heavy force sound simply grotesque and fill the referee with a sort of stomach roiled un rest and tension at the treatment of pass over Frog. The corruptness and gluttony is hugely significant as it introduces us the danger and easiness of becoming influenced and eventua lly corrupted by greed and alcohol. The teller of The Yellow Wallpaper has instead a style. It is describes as having barred widows and a nailed f cast aside bed, which give the impression of a prison rather than a place to become well again in. In fact the room actually does become a prison for the narrator, becoming to a greater extent and more than horrible as the story progresses.By the repetitive use of the word, joke in the first off paragraph Poe emphasises the discomfort of Hop Frog as well as achieving a hugely tense atmosphere. This makes the proofreader, who realises that this foreseemingly jovial and harmless behaviour of the king and his courtiers is in fact, a lot more damaging and sinister, feel the tension and discomfort that Hop Frog endures. Like Hop Frog, The Yellow Wallpaper also has a tense atmosphere achieved by the speeded up pace of the story and the very short sentences, which flit from one idea to another. These short sentences show the alertness o f the narrators mind as well as her increasing madness as she is left with no stimulation other than her own thoughts. As the story progresses the narrators madness grows and consequently her surroundings become more and more an extension of her own nightmarish imagination, eventually becoming as fantastical as Hop Frogs.Throughout the story, the wallpaper in the room is a metaphor for the narrators complaint and as her insanity grows, the wallpaper becomes more and more hideous. At the beginning of the story, it is described as horrible wallpaper. Her initial rejection of the wallpaper, shown when the narrator says I dont like our room and asks toilette Let us go downstairs, is indicative of her indispensability to get conk out and her rejection of insanity. The wallpaper is described as having a sickly sulphur tint, representing her illness, and appears to grow, fungus and toadstools bespeaks that her illness is growing, whilst Budding and sprouting suggest the continuity of this growth. Despite the fact that the images of the wallpaper worsen as time goes on, the narrator quickly becomes preoccupy by it, spending hours studying it.The narrator describes how It dwells on my mind so. Eventually, the narrator becomes so mad, that it is as if she is schizophrenic. She begins to see herself in the wallpaper as a woman, stooping down and creeping behind the pattern. As time progresses, the faint woman becomes clearer and stronger as the narrator becomes weaker. This shows her sane self, losing the battle to her insane self. Despite the awful surroundings, away of her barred windows lies the garden. In contrast to the wallpaper, the garden represents the narrators hope of emancipation. The garden is described as delicious and where everything in the wallpaper is bad and infectious, everything in the garden is honourable and healing. However the narrator is locked away with her illness and is unable to reach the garden, which holds the key to her freed om, How I wish he keister would let me go she tells us. This creates dramatic irony, as everyone knows what the narrator needs, including the narrator herself, except the narrators own economise fundament.Just as the wallpaper and the narrators madness increase as the story progresses, the behavior of the king towards Hop Frog worsens. This is shown by Poes descriptions of the king, s pitchingting as our king, turning into a tyrant and becoming finally a monster. By describing the king in this way, the reader is not except made to feel sympathy for Hop Frog by portraying him as a impotent victim of this cruel abuse, but also make us forgive his final act of revenge, which is in fact utterly terrible.The King and his ministers are abusive and exploitative towards Hop Frog and Trippetta. Poe illustrates this particularly by the reference to alcohol, The king takes advantage of Hop Frogs intolerance to wine it excited the poor weaken well-nigh to madness and sadistically he took pleasure in forcing the cripple to drink. Poe describes how Hop Frog was squeeze to be grand as it was the poor dwarfs birthday and he is made to obey the command to drink to absent friends, which strained tears to his eyes. This is incredibly ironic, as Hop Frog is not with his friend be get under ones skin he is a slave in the court of the king.In the yellow wallpaper, the narrators monster is her own husband, John, a physician. He ignorantly suffocates his wife, difference her with no option but to escape into her own madness. He threatens her with Weir Mitchell who was renowned for treating women with this temporary nervousness. The narrator describes how he is like john and my brother, tho more so, showing her wish not to be sent to him. John also keeps the narrator away from human contact, starving her of any stimulation or interaction. Despite his evident love for her he treats her like a possession, this is shown when he fails to regard her as a human being by address ing her as she as if she isnt even there.This also symbolises the fact that he has slowly removed her identity. John regards his wife with scant(p) more intelligence than a child, shown by his constantly patronising tone. He calls her little goose and little girl as well as remarking bless her as if she is little sure-enough(a) than five. John also shows himself to be really rather selfish when he implores her get well for me. Despite everything, we have to believe that John really does love his wife and wants to help her. But it is through John that Gillman makes a very poignant observation of the way in which society treats women, pointing out the real danger of ignorance.The Narrator in The Yellow wallpaper is visualized as an extremely bright creative woman, in spite of the way John regards her. She expresses her thoughts and releases some of the energy that she is so full of through writing. However John forbids that she should write, the narrator tells us I am absolutely f orbidden to work. The narrator herself tells us herself that excitement and change would do me good. Instead of excitement and change the narrator is confined to her bed and made to sleep most of the day I lie down ever so much now, John thinks its good for me.However, it is not good for her and the narrator describes how I dont sleep much at night, showing the disturbance of her mind. This results in the narrator having an colossal amount of pent up energy which, when combined with her inability to express herself creates enormous tension in the story. As the narrator searches frantically for an outlet for her imagination she inevitably becomes mad seeking the much-needed stimulation indoors the wallpaper. The narrators inability to express herself can be compared with Hop Frogs loss of control to the king when he is forced to drink. Hop Frog is described as being driven to madness by the wine, and madness Poe reminds us is no comfortable feeling.In both stories the position of w omen is severely criticized. In Hop Frog, Trippettas position as both a slave and a woman is exploited. Her grace and exquisite beauty is described as being universally admired. Poe describes how she was admired and petted suggesting the shocking abuse she is subject to. Poe describes how the king threw the entire contents of the chalice in her face, suggesting the complete humiliation that she suffered. In The Yellow Wallpaper, we are introduced to Jennie who is the sister of John.She is described as a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper. Typically of a nineteenth century Lady, Jennie is subservient accepting her position willingly and gratefully. Gillman describes how she hopes for no better profession. Jennie represents the women of society who have grown to accept and are either to weak or to scared to rebel against a life that is no better than that of a slaves. The narrators position as a woman is very similar to Hop Frogs. She is treated as a possession by her husband John a nd is seen to have no real opinions or views. She describes how the heads that she sees are strangled by the wallpaper, turns them up side down and turns their eyes white. This is very much inactive of the way both she and the other women of society feel suffocated and oppressed by their position.Both stories are written in first person narrative, which makes them a lot more personal. Hop Frog is told by an anonymous Narrator, an onlooker, whilst The Yellow Wallpaper is written like a journal with the narrator, a woman suffering from post-natal depression being the central character. Semi-Autobiographical, the story is loosely based on Perkins own experiences. The narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper remains nameless meaning that the narrator could be any woman in society. It is also a metaphor for the identity that has been lost through her illness and the ignorance of her husband, John.Both the characters are the victims of ignorance. The Yellow Wallpaper shows the ignorance of societ y about post-natal depression and the fact that no one is prepared to accept what the narrator is suffering from. Her case is not serious we are told. The result of this ignorance is that the narrators presumption is not cured but instead made worse. She is taken for a rest cure and strip of interaction with people and stimulation. Her creativity is crushed when she is forbidden to write. This inability to express herself, had dire consequences instead of get she instead she begins to descend further and further into her own madness. The wallpaper in her room, which gradually becomes more and more disturbing as her madness increases, shows this. This can be compared to Hop Frog who because of his difference in demeanor is treated appallingly.The central characters of each story are portrayed as prisoners the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper is portrayed as a prisoner, trapped by her social position as a woman, by her mental illness and by her own husband. Through her story, Gill man attacks an extremely patriarchal society. She criticises the lack of take note for women and shows her anger towards the inability of women to escape from the position they are oppressed to. The room in which the narrator is put in, in order to rest and recover from her illness is very much symbolic of her imprisonment. It is described as having barred windows and the bedstead as iron, heavy and nailed to the ground representing her being tied down. The fact that the room was a nursery first, is very ironic Firstly because she has no contact with her own baby and secondly because she has literally been reduced to the position of a child.Similarly, Hop Frog and his fiend Trippetta are salves, whom Poe tells us, were forcibly carried off from their deplorable region and sent, as presents to the king. This is reminiscent of the situation of many black slaves who were taken from Africa to the west at this time, in order to further the endeavours of rich, greedy men at as low a cos t a achievable. The reality of what faced them ahead was a harsh, cruel life of constant work with no freedom or rights as a human being. However, it is surely wrong that one person should have freedom whilst another is an enslaved possession because they are different. This injustice is shown in the story by the Kings inability to accept Hop Frog as a person, in appearance he is different and so is treated as an object, a possession. Poe describes him as a monkey and a squirrel and suggest that Hop Frog is begging for provender crumbs from the royal table. The result this is that Hop Frog is shown to be like a begging animal which serves to ease the Kings conscience at mocking Hop Frog, if he is not a person then he does not have feelings.Both Hop Frog and Trippetta are dwarfed and Hop Frog is a cripple and Walks with an interjectional gait, which comes across as quite funny when it is further described as somewhere between a leap and a wriggle. Despite this Hop Frogs value was trebled in the eyes of the king and the king, who live only for joking exploits Hop Frogs physical disabilities. It is therefor ironic that Hop Frog becomes the court fool which is a metaphor for the fact that he is laughed at by the King. The idea of Hop Frog being mocked for the way he walks is shocking and through this Poe shows the unease of society at the treatment of the slaves. The Kings immoral behaviour mirrors that of the slave traders in America and Europe. Hop Frogs physical disability can be compared to the narrators madness.The endings of each story are hugely significant and it is perhaps through the ending that we see the characters in their true light. Throughout The Yellow Wallpaper the narrator has drifted in and out of her sane mind, she tells us once I always lock the door before I creep. Up until this point the narrator has not accepted that it is herself who is creeping, instead lay it down to the woman. But by the end, she is telling us how she is creeping r ound and round and round the room. Both a rope and an axe are mentioned, and John faints when he sees the destruction of the room and of his wife. It is quite possible that either of them are dead, however Gillman leaves the ending ambiguous. As well as amplifying the uncertainty of the woman, this could also be down to the fact that Gillman, notwithstanding her feminist views, was still a woman in the nineteenth century.She did she want to demonize her character by making her murder her husband no could she make to openly utter that the husband was literally overpowered by his wife. Gillman would not want to upset her feminist audience either, who would be outrage if the narrator killed herself due to the fact that she is such a powerful symbol of a woman wanting(p) to rebel against her oppression. For her to commit self-annihilation would dishearten a lot of these women as it would look as if suicide was the only way out. It seems as if this ending was right for the characte r who despite becoming insane, is finally ingenious and tells us with utter satisfaction I got out. Whatever the reason for this ending, there is no doubt that despite the fact that this ending is truly horrific it also comes with a degree of relief. For with the narrators madness comes freedom, and more importantly, the woman finds her identity. Ironically this is not her former self, who is finally named as Jane, but another person her insanity.Whilst The Yellow Wallpaper remains ambiguous, the ending of Hop frog is completely literal. Because eof the fact that Poe is a man, he can afford to take more liberties that perhaps Gillman was unable to take. He can openly humiliate and torture the king and the court, who represent the corrupt monarchy an important part of society, and appear to get away with this. Hop Frog is portrayed as demonic and evil. He achieves his freedom by brutally killing the King and his ministers. Under the feigning of the stupid fool he tricks the king an d his ministers into thinking that they are dressing up and covers them in tar and flax. The fact that Poe uses tar and Flax is of great significance as it is symbolic of humiliation and punishment throughout history. Hop Frog then chained them together to become the eight chained orangutans. Hop frog shows himself to be very intelligent when, at the dwarfs suggestion, the keys had been deposited with him, in contrast with the stupidity of the King. Poe describes how the they are humiliated when the chains cause them to fall and stumble, The King and his Ministers have gone form mocking Hop Frog to being mocked themselves Hop Frog then suspends them from the ceiling at the ball and burns them alive.The fact that throughout the story Hop Frog never had the presence that the evil King had means that we would not immediately suspect Hop frog. When the grating hitch was first introduced, the reader did not think that it could be Hop Frog. However at the end when Hop Frog is perched on the rope with the burning king and ministers below him the grating noise came form the fang like teeth of the dwarf, who ground and gnashed them as he foamed at the mouth. This is an insane a television as that of the narrator. Hop frog rising up against the king is a complete reversal of roles, the oppressed has become the oppressor. However how is it possible that Poe can get away with this ending without his central character looking at like the vengeful murder that he has become? It is perhaps because all-thorough the story, the treatment of Hop Frog as well as his situation has been described as Horrendous, horrific and brutal, evoking incredible sympathy in the reader.As if this isnt reason enough, Poe threw in the added ploy of alcohol, which appears to demonize Hop Frog. Therefor when Hop Frog commits this terrible act, he is immediately forgiven whilst we all revel in the torture that the king and his ministers now incur. In the eyes of the reader justice has been done. P erhaps through his ending, Poe is forecasting what is to come, when the black slaves will rise up against their own white oppressors. It is therefor interesting that n order to truly punish and humiliate them, Hop Frog turns them first black. Like Gillman, Poe does not want to demonize the female character, leaving the question of Trippettas involvement up to the reader to answer.

“Harlem” by Hughes Essay Example for Free

Harlem by Hughes Essay present tense Langston Hughes is considered to be one of the well-known and most influential African-American poets in the twentieth century. His poetry was promulgated from the Harlem Renaissance when the African-American artists along with their works had been flourishing in Harlem till the beginning of Black Movements as well as Civil Rights. Hughes brief poesy Harlem introduces eternal themes seen throughout his volume Montage of intake Deferred as well as throughout his life and career as a poet.The poem Harlem emphasizes the animate conditions of people with limited imagines which are put off and lost in Harlem in post-war period. Therefore the poet moved(p) the deepest and most painful themes of those times. Actually the main theme of the poem is to present that postponing persons dreams and desires go forth inevitably result in deconstruction. (Hughes 1996) The questions of the poem are addressed to well-disposed consequences of many deferre d dreams and they are hinting at racial strife as well as at resentment erupted with the Black movements and Civil Rights during 1950-1960s. passim the poem the germ sketches many decayed and wasted images and represents in such a way that the dream is lost and fated. It is seen in the poem that many potential consequences are influencing only single dreamers. The ending of the poem persuades that despair can explode if being epidemic and pass on result in political and social damage. (Hughes 1996) It is apparent that the poem is full of extraordinary and interesting literary devices. For example, the author uses many rhetorical questions barely because he wants these questions to be answered themselves.First stanza is characterized by a rhetoric question using also a simile ilk a raisin in the sun, sags analogous a heavy load, like rotten meat, like a sore, like a syrupy sweet, etc, that will be discussed below. The last stanza is characterized by using a question along with illustration does it explode? . The metaphor is the symbol of drastic difference between unsuccessful reaching a desired dream and do dream come true. (Hughes 1996) The poem has its own irregular poesy meat-sweet, load-explode, sun-run. The author uses irregular meter he stresses different syllables in every line varying their length in each line.Such rhyme makes and impression of sense of nervous energy and increase frustration. The rhyme is formed on musical forms such as jazz, ragtime, swing, blues, boogie-woogie, and bebop as the author was really fond of them. The poem is characterized by sudden nuances and irrelevant changes. (Hughes 1996) Hughes in his poem uses a series of similes in order to depict and describe in much vivid way what is happening to a dream when it is put off. There are five similes in the poem 1. The first simile is in the third line dry up like a raisin in the sun. This simile suggests that the humans dream has been already forgotten.(Hughes 1996) 2 . The second simile is in the fourth line fester like a sore. The simile outlines that dream eats a person and aggravates him as it is not obtained. 3. The third simile is in the sixth line stink like rotten meat. This simile suggests that it is a dream that makes a person crazy and mad, because he realizes he is unable to make his dream come true. (Hughes 1996) 4. The fourth simile is in the eighth line gelt over like a syrupy sweet. This simile point out that the dream is seen in the horizon and a person can taste it as it is close to him. 5.The fifth simile is in the tenth line sags like a heavy load. The simile questions if dream is a centre for dreamer. (Hughes 1996) In conclusion it is necessary to notice that I prefer drama and therefore was strongly influenced by Harlem as it makes realistic portrays of real people who underwent negative treatment because of racist attitudes and stereotypes. I agree with the author that those stereotypes have to be countered as all people are equal in the world. (Hughes 1996)ReferencesHughes, Langston. (1996, June 25). A imagine Deferred. Retrieved September, 28, from http//www.cswnet.com/menamc/langston. htm

Need and Respect Essay Example for Free

Need and Respect EssayMichelGerges 18/11/12 Respect is the key, they are m whatever doors in manner and basketb tout ensemble could be one unless if you dont get the key of prize then you will never get tie that door. Many people that are trying to attract good things into their life puzzle one major(ip) flaw. They do non respect what they seek. Our team desires to win and to succeed in the game of basketball precisely we do not the respect or mind set to do so. Respect is a precise important factor in any sport. You must(prenominal) respect your teammates, your coach, the referee, the fans and your opponent. More importantly, you must respect the game. You must show up on time for games and practices and respect the rules of the game and the rules of the STM team. These rules were simple, the coaches did not ask for untold from us. All they had asked for was for us to show respect for everyone on and off the court.Another rule was to be a leader, in a way which you w ouldnt let your teammates disturb other leagues that go on in the church such as other sports league. Show them the respect that we would want back in return. By not telling our friends to stop fooling around then we dont show any leadership. Leadership is also a way to show respect. We didnt show leadership when Mina had asked us all to calm down and to get our friends to stop disturbing the league. Mina has better things to do on his Saturday mornings but he decides every morning to get up early to help us yet though we fork over been nothing but ungrateful children who just want to play around and not play real basketball or find out what its really like to have the heart for the game. Also, coming into practice late and walking in as if you own the place is unacceptable.It shows a lack of respect and self-discipline. We should sell this team as if it was a team outside of the church. Actually we should treat this with double the respect because this team is a privilege not a right. Not many of us have noticed that yet. Respect to me means being able to step in someone elses shoes and take a look at life from a different point of view. Everybody has a story and a history we may never hear about, and we must be understanding and non-judgmental. Its benignant and caring for everyone around us, for we are all important pieces of the big puzzle that is life.This is what I think respect means but it means many different things to different people and we need to learn to have one common ground with each other. This will help usto advance in life and succeed and this is the same thing with basketball. If we want to win games and win tournaments than we must have respect for all our coach and teammates. Mentally and physically. We need to sacrifice our body when working hard so that you are magnanimous a hundred and ten percent on the court and not regretting it.

Financial Accounting Standards Board Essay Example for Free

Financial Accounting Standards Board Essay runway Discount ( track), a privately held online retailer, has use a new customer referral marketing campaign. The campaign involves incentivizing current customers to refer their friends to Runways website. When a current customer refers someone who makes a obtain on Runways website, the referring customer receives a $25 credit to be applied to a future purchase. Two important provisions should be highlighted regarding this Refer-a-Friend programThe $25 credit is contingent upon the existing customers referral actually making a purchase The $25 credit is applied to the referring customers future purchase at the period that the referred customer makes a purchaseThe business purpose of this Refer-a-Friend program is to increase sales and expand Runways customer base by providing incentives for current customers to refer their friends. The first news report issue associated with Runway Discounts Refer-a-Friend program is identifying h ow the $25 referral credit should be recorded in Runways income statement. Is this consideration an adjustment of the selling prices of the vendors products or services, and therefore characterized as a decrement of revenue, or is it a cost incurred by the vendor for assets and services received from the customer, and therefore characterized as a cost or expense? The next significant accounting issue is regarding when Runway should record the $25 referral credit as a liability (a) at the time an existing customer receives the $25 referral credit, or (b) at the time the existing customer actually uses the $25referral credit to make a purchase?In the following sections, we will discuss the possible accounting treatments under U.S GAAP and IFRS, which relate to these accounting issues facing Runway Discount. Relevant examples will be provided of businesses that offer similar referral incentive programs. We will think with our recommendation of how Runway Discount should account for t he referral credits it issues relating to its Refer-a-Friend program.Applicable Authoritative LiteratureFASB Accounting Standards code (ASC) 605-50, Revenue Recognition IASC International Accounting Standards (IAS) 18, Revenue RecognitionView as multi-pages

Learning in the EYFS Essay Example for Free

Learning in the EYFS EssayKnowledge and understanding of the world Knowledge and Understanding of the World relates to electric razorrens everyday lives, their homes, families, otherwise people, the local environment and community and the wider world. Personal, social and ablaze schooling The social and emotional developing of a sm completely fry helps practitioners/p atomic number 18nts understand the behaviors they exhibit. Though youngsterren develop and mature at divergent rates, social and emotional development generally occurs in predictable stages. Communication language and literacy Childrens acquisition and competence in communicating, speaking and listening, being read to and beginning to read and write must be underpined and extended. They must be provided with probability and encouragement to use their skills in a range of situations and for a range of purposes, and be supported in developing the confidence and dispositions to do so.Problem solving r easoning and numeracy This area mostly concentratees on a peasants ability to solve simple problems and builds an awareness of shapes space and measures. Practitioners do this by flavor at shapes, numbers, building bricks etc. Physical Development Children are encouraged to take part in a variety of physical activities. Children develop physically at different stages and times. This area helps practitioners to keep caterpillar track of each individual childs development. Creative development Being creative covers a legions of ideas including how children express and communicate ideas. They crowd out explore all sorts of media (eg ICT, music) and materials. They impart similarly develop their imagination by and through play.Although they are all different a darling planned activity will cover more than than one area of development. For example, playing a snakes and ladders board game will help a child with their Problem solving, reasoning and numeracy chief(prenominal) ly but it will similarly help them with their Communication, language and literacy development as they are being encouraged to communicate with other children playing the game. Also the areas are interdependent if the child is struggling with one area it can affect how they develop in other areas. For example, if a child is disabled and cannot join in physical activities this can affect their physical development but it can then also affect their communication, language and literacy and Personal, social and emotional development because they arent joining in with the same activities as their peers. This can be avoided or at least limited by rock-steady planning and inclusive practice.1.2Outcomes are given to the different areas of learning within the EYFS to ensure that practitioners have something to focus on. These outcomes are outlined within the EYFS as overarching principles these areEvery child is a unique child, who is eer learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured Children learn to be strong and independent through positive relationships Children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to their individual take and there is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and/or carers Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early eld provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities.And three main areas of development which arePhysical Development This is the development of a childs physical skills. It includes the Gross motor skills, much(prenominal) as walking, jumping, running, catching and the fine motor skills such as the pincer grip, hand-eye-coordination, doing up laces or zips. Personal Social and Emotional Development The social and emotional development of a child helps practitioners/parents understand the behaviors they exhibit. Though childre n develop and mature at different rates, social and emotional development generally occurs in predictable stages. Communication and Language Development Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood.1.3The documented outcomes are assessed by practitioners in different ways. On-going assessments are carried out in settings frequently. Practitioners plan an activity, observe the child/children, record info and evaluate the outcome. If needed they then plan another activity and repeat the process until they get the discipline they need. These are also known as formative assessments and they are an integral part of the EYFS framework. It helps parents, carers and practitioners to constantly admonisher a childs progress and pick up on and solve problems if there are any. At the age of two a child has a progress check. This is when practitioners review their progress and pass water a short written summary of a childs development in the main areas of development. This helps to make sure a child is on track with their development and helps to identify any areas that a child may be developing at a slower rate than is judge. This can also pick up on any disabilities or learning difficulties.If a practitioner does pick up on a learning difficulty they should put together a plan to support the childs future learning and development. Practitioners must discuss with parents how the outcome of the assessments can be used to support the childs development at home, and parents are encouraged to share the outcome with any relevant professionals i.e. a teacher or a health visitor. In the final term of the year in which the child turns five practitioners must complete the EYFS profile for each child. This profile must reflect on-going observation, all relevant records held by the setting, discussions with parents and carers, and any other adults whom the teacher, parent or carer judges can offer a u seful contribution.The profile lets parents, carers and other professionals have an overview of a childs knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels, and their readiness for year one. Year one teachers are given a copy of this profile and it will outline whether the child is meeting, exceeding or not yet reaching the expected levels of the early learning goals. I think assessments are important to Practitioners and other professionals like teachers because it helps them to work together to identify any problems that may arise with a childs development and address the problems quickly and effectively also if the child is very quick at development it can be spotted and they can be given extra planned work to stop them from getting bored. I think it is also good for parents because they have guidance on how to help their childs development at home.

Types of Online Presence Essay Example for Free

Types of Online Presence EssayAmazon= Amazon is a brick and click commercial enterprise this means that it can only be connected done the internet and it has got a wide range of consumers who ar mainly over 18 (you will non be suitable to purchase goods from the internet)Name of Online Business AmazonTarget market Amazon target customers of any epoch who enumerate an interest in just closely anything from books to furniture to toys to clothes. They used to be an online bookstore and so thats where their sales were based on. Who are their competitors?Although they are online their competitors are companies much(prenominal) as Argos, Whsmiths, and Waterstones.What is the online business enterprises erect?They sell products such as books, computer games, and electronics and home furnishings.Do I mobilize that the website is effective and why?I think that Amazons website is effective because it is easy to use, the look and feel of it warms to me as I believe it feels li ke it is ideal for me to prune on. The structure of the website is tumefy supported because it shows me in straight points what each product has to spell and how much they areName of Online Business MiscoTarget MarketTheir market deposit is aimed at people who have an interest in electrical goods and wish to purchase goods such as office supplies, computers, cables, CDs and security products.Who are their competitors?An example of dickens competitors for Misco is PC World and MaplinWhat is the online businesss offer? Misco is a leading online provider of IT services and products to the public and private sector. They offer great deals for home, business and public sector establishments.Do I think that the website is effective and why?I think that Miscos website is effective because it is easy to use, the look and feel of it warms to me it feels like it is ideal for me to browse on. The structure of the website is well supported because it shows me in straight points what each p roduct has to offer.Name of Online Business HMV generates sales revenue through the sale of good in store like CDs, books and DVDs. This is the main front runner in sales, creating hulky profits in the millions especially when new CDs and DVDs are released.Target market Their target market is aimed at people who want to purchase DVDs, postersWho are their competitors?WhSmiths, supermarkets such as Tesco and Sainsburys, Amazon, Play.com and other mass merchant retailers.What is the online businesss offer? They offer products such as CDs, DVDs, and books.Task 2 (P2 M1) Describe the planning and implementation issues a business would take aim to consider to go onlineThe planning and implementation issues that a business needs to consider when spill online are things such asHuman resourcesHuman resources is when an organisation describes the application of skills, knowledge and experience. The most adroit person who has the experience needs to be hired and the employer needs to th ink about whether this employee is right to relegate the website creating tasks to as it could be a mistake to use a wrong person who may not be experienced.Delivery to storesDelivery is when something is delivered to someone and they pay for the item either online or in person. You need to plan where you are going to have the warehouse and whether it is a suitable and well reliable place to store stock. The reason being is because when someone orders something online you will need to let the courier know where the warehouse is and you should have the address on the website so that you can keep the customers informed of where their items are going to be distributed from.CustomersCustomers are people who buy your product and help fund your wages or help the business run successfully. You will need to start attracting your customers before you can start to show your business online because at that place will be no point in having the business if the potential customers know nothing about the newly formed business. There needs to be a lot of advertisements distributed so that the customers can stupefy out what the business is all about and if there is a website something to look at for extra information. suretySecurity is protection against danger, loss and criminal acts. Security is important for both parties- the user and the person who is acquire items off the website. The reason being is because the customer needs to be careful about distributing their personal inside information about themselves online because anyone could steal the details and someone could steal their identity and pretend to be the proprietor of the card. also the website may be insecure. Everyone knows about the credit crunch and the recession and they may not want to purchase things online using a credit or debit card.Legal IssuesThere are some laws that the owner of the website will need to abide by. They are the Trade Description Act, Sales of Goods Act and the Consumer Protecti on Act. If the website owner is having images or worded information distributed on the website they have to be complied with the copyright act. The reason being is because whatever they have put on their website they have to make sure that it isnt a part of someone elses work, otherwise the factual owner could press charges and want to sue the owner for copyright infringement and may have to come up with a hell of a lot of money for payment.

Of Mice and Men - Character study of Curlys wife Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Character study of Curlys wife EssayThe figment Of Mice and Men is set in America and is ab off two travelling workers who have been chased take one ranch because Lennie, one of the men did not k straightaway how to behave himself. Lennie is large, heavy and ponderous and George is petite quick, dark, sharp and restless. Another tragedy happens on the ranch want in weed because Lennie used his capability to kill Curleys wife. I can sympathise with Curleys wife although she was a flirt with the other men she was not expecting to be killed by Lennie. We first meet Curleys wife in chapter two. She is described as heavily do up and wears tarty red shoes. She poses her figure outlined in the doorway of the bunkhouse and is always awargon that men are looking at her. This makes me think that she is scarce looking for attention from the men. George shows the reader that he does not comparable Curleys wife because George tells Lennie that she is jailbait and for Lennie to stay away from her. Lennie sees her as an attractive young lady but she is re all toldy in effect(p) a threat to the men on the ranch.In chapter three there is a big shin involving Curly and Lennie. Curley has not liked Lennie since he was looking at Curleys wife so Curley just muddled his rag and started punching Lennie but then Lennie just reached for Curley and just grabbed his hand and started squeezing his hand and his hand crumbled in Lennies hand, George told Curley to tell everybody that he got his hand caught in the machine and that is what he told everyone. This just shows how Curleys wife is acting like a tart and a flirt to get all the men in trouble with Curley.Curley opinions unsafe because of his wifes behaviour.In chapter 4 Curleys wife was heavily made. I can sympathise with her because all she is exhausting to do is make some friends on the ranch but every time she tries to talk to someone they all think she is trying to flirt because she is despera te for attention because she has got an unhappy marriage with Curley and that the men think that she is trying to get them in trouble with Curley.I fell sorry for Curleys wife because on the ranch she was all alone.In chapter 5 we learn that Curleys wife had a dream to be in the movies. I do feel sorry for Curleys wife because she could have been in the movies but that was just a pipe dream because now she is stuck on the ranch married to Curley with no friends. Curley and his wife have only been married for two weeks and already they both hate it being together on the ranch. I think Steinbeck is trying to get across to the readers that she has no one in the whole world that cares for her. Her death was brutal and quick, at first lennie was just playing with the pup then he broke its neck and that is what he done to Curleys wife. My final thoughts on Curleys wife is all she was trying to do is make friends on the ranch but she just got pushed out everyone.In chapter six it is hard to feel sympathy for her because she was flirting with the men but she did not be to be killed by Lennie. I feel sympathy for Curleys wife although she was a big flirt and she got do by badly by Curley, she did not deserve to be killed. I think Steinbeck included Curleys wife in the story because I think that she makes the story interesting because she is the story.

High Staff Turnover in Hotel Industry

extravagantly Staff up lap in Hotel exertionHotels, catering and leisure persistence in the UK remains the celestial sphere with the postgraduateest take of rung swage, with wholly yieldrs in this category hitting 41%, harmonise to a survey carried surface by the CIPD ( two hundred8). umpteen presidential terms be badly make believeed by steep levels of round perturbation and the survey set that 74% of cheeks in the UK, reported a negative force on their business action. This report in addition identified quad main reasons that cause labour employee disorder. They atomic topic 18, change of c atomic egress 18er (55%), progressions break by means ofside of the union (45%), level of re put inal (41%) and need of c ber check (33%).Employee dissatisfaction ca utilize by curt relationships with supervisors and telegraph line buss, un in demand(predicate) conveys conditions and inadequacy of career growing and preparedness opportunities are withal seen as study federal agents that cause gamey mental faculty dollar volume ( Griffeth, Hom and Gaertner 2000). As menti wizardd in an oblige published by the Adecco Institute (2008) skills shortfall in the tasks market is seen as a major benevolent resources ch all(prenominal)enge for the in store(predicate) and this is curiously straightforward of the cordial reception and leisure effort in the UK, as it has suffered from constant enlisting bafflingies over the past so umteen years. Age peremptory carried kayoed a survey in the year 2005 and according to the turn ups of the survey nearly 40% of all va green goddesscies in the cordial reception effort were hard to fill and much of the problem has been ca apply by poor remembering strategies implemented by makeups. An different chemical element identified by the survey with regard to wherefore so many va gitcies were hard to fill is the neediness of necessary skills and abilities by potential applica nts who apply for jobs in the hotel and hospitality industry. A similar percentage of employers who manicipated in the survey stated that applicants lack excellent communication skills required, and this is in particular true of receptionists, music directors and administrators and this has created immense pressure on HR executives and managers to attract, manage and bear on signalize talent at heart their arrangement which is an essential factor in creating sustainable competitive proceeds. The matters and information unearthed from these surveys make it crystal urinate that exalted levels of stave swage is a major problem to all government activitys and the HR department of an musical arrangement has a primordial responsibility of occludely monitor labour disturbance levels and figures and make near steps in order to bring round overthrow to a manageable level and face the future with resistance. safe(prenominal)-pitched levels of module dollar volume in an placement whitethorn compromise the lineament and spicy standards of customer assistance, and may impact on the political science loosing loyal customers, revenue and long term sustainability (Tracy and Hinkin, 2008). erst the healthy launch cater forsake a smart set it may not only increase the dissemble load of the stay staff members of the go with, but would be difficult for the arranging to gain the same soaring-pitchedest levels of service from the freshly hire staff as they would still be in a period of learning their job, and separate(a) key tasks and responsibilities associated with the job. Further more(prenominal) than when employees collapse on a secureness basis it creates supernumerary meetloads for the remaining staff and as a result they could become depressed with kick the bucket and not be able to dispense with their outmatch surgical procedure on the job. This may further exacerbate the problem and may in addition result in staff getting absent from die hard regularly and their true health deteriorate.The article of Tracy and Hinkin (2008) also states fiscal implications for organizations as a result of high levels of staff disturbance. The cost associated with replacing staff can be sorted into hard cost, soft cost, and opportunity cost. Hard costs are costs much(prenominal)(prenominal) as money fatigued on virginspaper advertisements, adverts on recruitment agencies etc, and they ease up a order impact on the organisation. Other elements such as the magazine it takes to interview forward- vistaing recruits, and time spent on exit interviews testament not be shown in participation account statements as they are regarded as soft costs. Opportunity costs such as missed customers and market shares, usually go unfathomable but can still be substantial and may also lower company positivity and competitor advantage of the organisation ( Simons and Hinkin 2001 cited Tracy.J and Hinkin.T, 20 08).The following five are identified as major costs categories that conduct towards the total costs of replacing an employee. They are pre-departure, recruitment, woof, orientation and dressing, and lost productivity (Hinkin and Tracy 2007, 2006, cited Tracy.J and Hinkin.T,2008). The already high staff turnover rates in the hotel industry also reflects high turnover of impudently selected staff who kick the bucket the company deep down their initiative 30 days because the job did not pillowcase them (woodland,1997141). Does this convey possible issues with the prevailing recruitment and filling methods watched by the hospitality heavens organisations? concord to the article by Tracy.J and Hinkin.T, only a a few(prenominal) turnover studies set about been so far carried out in the hotel and hospitality area, despite reporting high levels of turnover e rattling year. wherefore my literature polish aims to demeanour a much broader view of this issue by critically exa mining the current procedures and utilisations carried out by the lavishly beechwood Hotel UK and some of the other local selected competitor hotels, which may be associated with employee turnover. By doing so this study aims to take the root causes of high levels of employee turnover of exalted beechwood Hotel and propose solutions and recommendations to overcome those issues. This interrogation benefits High Beech Hotel in terms of minimising the redundant costs that may occur due to advertising, interviewing, readiness of virgin staff as rise as improving the overall standard of the hotel.High Beech Hotel is a three start hotel located in beautiful Hastings area and is faced with fast emulation with many three to four star hotels operating in the area such as, The sinlessness reel Hotel, Travelodge Hastings, The Hotel Undum and the Chatsworth Hotel.The High Beech Hotel is in that respectfore fighting to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage and set about its market share. The opinions of the General Manager, Operations Manager and the HR manager prove that jobs in the industry are difficult in the area and denudationing the right talent for the right job and the computer memory of tonicity staff are major HR challenges currently faced by the hotel.The general manager of the hotel is new to her post and has already expressed precautions about the high staff turnover. Turnover is high among social movement line staff, waiters and porters and the steering has had few discussions to find the reasons wherefore staff left, and find out ways to separate the problem. I having worked at the hotel as an HR executive (placement student) managed to gain a total understanding of the high turnover and the possible effects the turnover levels concur had on the existing staff.Literature review drive turnover is the rate at which staff deceases an organisation and are replaced by new employees. Too high a labour turnover rate may mean t hat at that place is something unsatisfactory about functional for the organisation and that action therefore would need to be taken (Adams et al, 1993)Denver and McMahon (1992143) delineate labour turnover as the movement of people into and out of employment within an organisation and can both be uncoerced and involuntary. Eade (1993) further categorises turnover into attention controllable and unavoidable turnover.Labour turnover index is used to mensuration staff turnover and according to Armstrong (2001) labour turnover rates furnish a semiprecious pith to benchmarking the effectiveness of HR policies and practices in organisations.The hotel industry is essentially comprised of both a production and a service aspect and the creation and rendering of services from the hotel to the customer are mainly fall upond by employees. thusly the industry is essentially represented by people (Lewis 1989 Thompson and Abbott, 1990 Schneider , 1993) and is considered as one of the around labour intensive industries. Turnover in the hotel industry in the UK has been shown to be unacceptably high (Kennedy and Berger, 1994), averaging as much as 200% to 300% per year. Statistically this means that the entire work long suit of the industry turns over two to three generation per year. The main factors identified, that could impact on turnover are, orientation and right-hand(a) socialisation procedures (Kennedy and Berger 1994, Woods, 1992), ad-hoc recruitment and selection (Benn and Farbringer, 1992, Woods and Macaulay, 1989 Wagner, 1991 Wheelhouse, 1989), discrimination at the workplace (Antolik,1993), lack of training and development opportunities (Hogan, 1992 rowden,1995), organisation culture (Woods and Macaulay, 1998) shortage of skills in the labour market (Debrah, 1994 Woods, 1992), high levels of work cogitate stress ( Vallen,1993Woods, 1992 Ham and Griffeth, 1995), seasonal personality of the industry ( Boella, 1998) and job dissatisfaction ( Bonn and Frbringer, 1992).All of these factors have contributed towards high levels of staff turnover in the hotel industry and it is suck in that the supremacy of the industry depends upon taking necessary steps to reduce the preceding(prenominal) mentioned issues, and problems, and the calibre of employees, and how headspring they are managed (Nankervis and Debroh, 1995 Berger and Ghel, 1995). Deery and Iverson, (1996) commented that high degree of staff turnover levels consist of recruitment and replacement costs, and regular and loyal customers transmutation to other competitor hotels as they expect to see their favourite staff members.It is stool labour costs evasive action a major part in the industry and high staff turnover is seen as a prime issue bounding the glow surgery of hotel and organisations within the hospitality industry (Obrien and McDonnell 2003). Deery and Iverson (1996) examined the employee turnover phenomenal and fix that high turnover resulted in organisa tions loosing revenue and profits. They also argued that high turnover, especially when competent staff leave, contributes to ponderous the employee morale and the overall ability of teams within the organisations to get quality work done. accordingly the storage of hot and well trained staff in any hospitality organisation is important to moreover unnecessary tangible and intangible costs as well as retaining regular and loyal customers and to provide them with a quality service. It is clear from the arguments put forward by the preceding(prenominal) mentioned authors and scholars but Despite an host of donnish evidence and re attend on labour turnover the question to be asked is do trouble of hospitality sector organisations understand the gravity of the issue of staff turnover, and its negative effects on the performance of the organisation and how far they are willing to go to retain the valuable staff. At a time of difficult economic times it is imperative and organisa tion takes measures to outperform its competitors and any hospitality sector organisation that understands the regard as of gracious capital and adopt favorable HRM policies and management practices in pursuit of employee retention will inescapably outperform the challenger (Cho et al., 2006, Hinkin and Tracy, 2000).Staff leaving on a regular basis involves slow administration costs and a loss of productivity through the breaking up of teams who are used to works together (Denvir and McMohan, 1992144). therefore the critical importance of employees staying with an organisation is evident (Brayfield and Crockett, 1995 Cho et al, 2006). It is clear that squelched and passing cause employees stay with the organisation which in turn helps the company to reduce unnecessary recruitment and selection costs which could amount to a substantial amount of money, but also produce high quality work which helps the organisation to achieve competitive advantage and increase its profits ( Cho et al., 2006 Hinkin and Tracey, 2000).Exit interviews are a expectant method of collecting information as to why employees leave an organisation. Employees leave for several(a) reasons ranging from lack of employee lie organisational measures such as succession planning, compensation , non-financial observes, work flavour balance and undesirable working conditions as well as more personal reasons such as inability to look later on(prenominal)wards their children, other child welfare issues and transport problems. This can also vary depending on how long they have worked for the company and it is a common factor as evident from the High Beech Hotel, and that staff leaves because they forward long lay down out that the job did not suit them. Some other staff members leave after serve the organisation after serving a considerable amount of time and their issues could truly well be different to people leaving early. According to the CIPD (2007) costs an organisation ap proximately 3500 pounds every time an employee leaves and as stated earlier these costs include both tangible costs and intangible costs such as time spent on interviewing new recruits and these often go unreported in company accounts.Denver and McMahon (1992146) also represent out that individual hotel organisations experience different levels of turnover, which helps to confirm that staff turnover is partly within the control of the hotel management. This also contradicts with the common acceptance that staff turnover is high and unvaried throughout the industry and uncontrollable.Therefore it is evident that high levels of staff turnover is harmful to the smooth functioning of any organisation, may it be in the hospitality sector or some other sector and hinders the efficient operation of the business resulting in the hotel lingeringly losing its market share. Therefore it is important that the hospitality sector organisations develop effective and vibrant HRM policies that e nable them to success richly recruit, select and retain skilled and efficient employees, who would contribute towards the achievement of the embodied objectives of the business.Factors influence on high Labour Turnover.The hotel industry in the UK is always debauched with high staff turnover resulting in increased personnel costs arise from recruitment and selection of new staff, training them (Ham and Griffeth, 1995). There is a strong negative relationship in the midst of turnover and organisational load which indicates that staff with low levels of perpetration and loyalty are more likely to withdraw from the organisation than more committed staff (Johnston et, 1993). He also identified a positive relationship mingled with organisational commitment and career superchargeion opportunities given to employees through inner(a) promotions and succession planning. These employees who are given opportunities to progress up the ladder, exhibit higher levels of organisational comm itment, and loyalty and results in skilled staff retention and a gradual lower of low performing employees. This makes it much easier for HR managers to successfully identify low performing employees and obliterate them from the work force which is important and a good for the success of the company as this turnover is considered healthy. other key factor which may influence staff turnover is the sex difference and certain problems it creates within the organisation. effeminate workers have different responsibilities to their male counterparts and may value work life balance more as a result. The pressures of work and life, has resulted in more female person workers leaving their jobs than male workers (Doherty and Manfredi, 200662). In some hotels it can be seen female workers working in the bottom of the organisation power structure and the pay dislocation between males and female workers has been a much talked about issue in the UK. Iverson (2000) conducted a study in the regular army involving hotel establishments and comprise that female managers earn much less than the male managers doing the same job which is ordinarily seen in the UK and this has resulted in, female workers being antipathetic to return to work after their maternity leave. On go of this, most organisations have failed to assist their female workers to arrange necessary child care arrangements which have aggravated the number of female workers leaving their job. As per higher up authors the reluctance of female workers to return to work may also be caused by factors such as stress, work dissatisfaction, lack of commitment and low promotion opportunities united with a poor organisation culture that does not provide a platform to pull ahead female workers to move up the career ladder. Therefore the problems and issues female workers face in the workplace is clear and applicable in hospitality sector organisations, and it is very important the HR department address these iss ues and understand why many female workers leave their jobs early. arrangement culture, average age of the total labour force of the organisation, gender and racial composition and male-female pay gaps are among the reasons why employees leave (Bennett et al, 1993).Prospective employees when joining an organisation look into a number of factors such as career development opportunities, total reward constitution and work life balance. Lack of incentives is therefore a main reason why many employees leave their jobs after some time. Incentives include both financial and nonfinancial and employees may simply want approbation for their good work and lack of light could seriously hamper employee retention. Ritz Carlton hotel in London, has managed to reduce employee turnover to a meaning(a) level by focusing on quality recruitment, providing give way training and development opportunities and by forming a positive psychological contract with the employees, and also by creating long term incentive and reward systems ( Barky, 1996). Therefore it is fair to assume that to a large extent organisation HRM practices, policies and procedures determine staff turnover.Organisation policies and lack of employee oriented practices and procedures may not only be the sole reason why many organisations particularly in the hospitality industry experience high level of staff turnover.Another factor that affects turnover is the ability of staff to carry out their tasks and responsibilities up to the required standard and the job performance of employees largely affects staff turnover and this is also confirmed by a study conducted by Jewell and Siegal (1990). They found that employees having very high levels of on-the-job performance are highly unlikely to leave their job in phone line with employees with low levels of performance. High performing employees are confident in their job and have better work related knowledge and skills. Low pay, lack of training and career dev elopment opportunities, lack of regular and real performance appraisals and un want work environments are among the key reasons that cause low performance which in-turn result in high staff turnover. Therefore it is clear HR professionals in hotel establishments must pay very close attention to developing employee oriented HRM policies and practices that help staff achieve their full potential. To name a few these HR policies and practices are training and development opportunities open management communication systems, employee welfare such as child care, flexible working, transport assistant to employees and a comprehensive induction programme that helps new recruits to adopt well to their new functions.When analysing the hospitality and hotel industry in particular it has been found that most organisations have a poor reputation for providing good staff training and development opportunities (Maxwell et al, 2004). High staff turnover in most hospitality sector industries may ha ve also led managers to be reluctant to providing staff with opportunities to further develop their careers fearing they may leave after that ( Davies et al, 2001, Jameson, 2000 Lowey et al, 2002). High staff turnover also causes managers to be occupied with recruitment and selection activity as well as grievance issues, and this may also be a reason for them not to have sufficient time to focus on staff development and talent management. Training and development and staff retention has a close parallel as poorly trained staff are less satisfied with work and may leave quicker and more than fully trained and highly satisfied staff. Therefore training and development straightaway affects job satisfaction and organisational commitment (Lam and Zhang, 2003, Taylor et al, 2001, Lowry et al, 2002).Working hours is another key factor that causes employees to leave and most hospitality sector organisations, because of high staff turnover may require remaining staff to work extra hours on a regular basis. Long working hours without breaks are against the working time regulations as well as current health and safety rules and Female workers are largely affected by this practice because of their family commitments and a research conducted by Erdogan (199626) revealed long working hours are among the main reasons for many female workers to quit their jobs. There has also been an increase of single parent families and long hours and unsocial working hours have compel females to leave their jobs. This not only creates staff to leave but unfriendly working hours coupled with a poor corporate and work culture and a hostile working environment of the organisation , may affect the job satisfaction of female workers and even if they remain with the job their work could be highly unprofitable and suffer from work related stress. Despite the fact that many researchers and academics stressing the importance of a good organisation work environment that provides employees orient ed HR measures to achieve these goals and objectives many organisations still suffer from high levels of staff turnover and female staff turnover as evident from research findings. All of the above stated factors and elements contribute to employee dissatisfaction and it is a result of various knowledgeable and outside(a) factors that were mentioned above.Labour turnover of High Beech HotelHigh Beech Hotel had a newly appointed general manager and she has been investigating the reasons for the high staff turnover levels of the hotel over the past three years and has had several discussions with the operations manager and the HR manager of the company. Unfortunately no proper investigation has not been done so far to find out the possible causes of staff turnover but the management in consultation with the company HR records and turnover figures has assumed the reasons as job dissatisfaction, long and unfriendly working hours, pay issues, lack of training and development opportunit ies for staff, issues with working condition and other personal issues of staff such as work life balance. splendor of HR practices and concepts in relation to staff retention and turnoverHRM plays a critical part in creating a sustainable competitive advantage for any organisation, and forward looking organisations adopt good HR policies and practices to ensure the smooth functioning of the organisation (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997 Stewart, 1997 Verma and Dewe, 2008). Research studies have confirmed that well outlined organisational goals and corporate objectives directly influence employee retention and productivity. Kim et al, (2005) in their study on corporate orientation found that organisational concern and support had a significant impact on employee job satisfaction and overall commitment.ORGANISATIONAL INITIATIVESThe organisational HR initiatives as mentioned above, illustrate how intrinsic factors and forces contribute towards employee retention. The stick does not ment ion about external forces such as local and national competition in the labour market, economic situation, globalisation and international competition which affects attracting skilled employees to various jobs. It can be seen that this model covers the internal factors and reasons that affect staff retention or turnover and it is critically important for an organisation and HR professionals to pay close attention to the factors mentioned under the model to critically assess where they stand as an organisation and take steps to implement those HR practices and policies to retain sharp staff ( Horwitz et al, 2003 Steel et al, 2002). These internal HR policies and practices are bundled under the term retention management and it is defined as the ability to hold onto those employees an organisation would want to keep, for longer than the competitors (Johnson,2000 cited De Vos and Meganck,2007). The external factors should not be overleap at the same time because there may be times emp loyees may leave an organisation due to their influences.The impact of financial and non-financial rewards cannot be undermined and play a critical role in motivation skilled and determine employees and retaining them within the organisation. Financial rewards such as a good radical pay combined with performance related pay and non-financial rewards such as training and development opportunities, initiatives to achieve work life balance for staff and other employee retention initiatives such as a pensions outline and internal promotions motivate staff and force them to think again before quitting their jobs (Horwitz et al,2003De Vos and Meganck, 2007).When analysing the theories and ides put forward by the above mentioned academics and scholars it is evident they focused on retaining highly skilled employees and researched to find out the possible reasons why valued employees leave organisations. This is being described as retention management and the word retention embraces with other HR practices such as recruitment and selection, development of employees to achieve their full potential and succession management (Lewis and Heckmanp 2006140).HR Practices and the importance of Human PsychologyHRM involves all management decisiveness and practices that directly affects other people, or human resources, who work for the organisation. The question that arises is that despite the fact that many organisations including the hospitality and hotel industry, implement all genuine HR practices and procedures, why employees still leave and the staff turnover rates are extremely high. A good understanding of the implications of human psychology would help HR managers to find the root causes to this problem.Psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced his concept of hierarchy of necessitate in 1943 which suggests that people are motivated to fulfil their basic human call for before go on to other inevitably. The hierarchy of needs is displayed as a gain and the lowest l evel of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are at the top. The needs located at the bottom are the most basic human needs and as people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Therefore when it comes to employees staying or leaving a particular organisation which gunpoint the employee is in could play a vital role in his or her decision reservation process. At the core this theory of Maslow suggests that when an individual satisfies one set of needs they always try to move into the other level.This makes it critically important for HR professionals in the hospitality organisations how this theory of Maslow affects individual employees and how it influences an individuals decision about him staying or leaving the organisation. When an individual joins an organisation the first concern is to organise his life in-terms of food shelter and other essential psychological needs through contend and salary. Th e coterminous concern would be job security and personal health and safety in the job. Once those needs are satisfied the employee would move in to the other set of needs which are social needs such as friendly colleagues and staff as well as a desirable working environment. After this comes the next stage which is satisfying the esteem needs which is comprised of individual being prize for his work and valued by the management of the organisation as well as taking full advantage of any courses and exams they could take to get promoted. Once this set of needs are fully satisfied the employee reaches the stage of self actualisation.Therefore to satisfy the individual employee needs the HR executives working in hospitality sector organisations must understand the needs of employees and aim to provide tailor made HR solutions in line with the corporate strategy of the company. In order to accomplish this, the HR managers must have absolute methods and procedures to understand which stage the employee is in his hierarchy of needs because if this is not done or if the right methods and procedures are not in place there will inevitably be a contradiction. For an ideal the HR managers may direct their full efforts into satisfying the esteem needs of employees through individual cognizance and internal promotions at work when the employees are seeking safety needs. This would result in a toss off of company resources and employees considering leaving the organisation.Individuals decision making processAn individuals decision making process is comprised of a number of internal and external variables as shown below and the final decision makes by an individual employee is made up of a collection of those internal and external variables. This model is highly useful in understanding an employees decision making in an organisation (Kotler, 2000, p98).As seen the model is comprised of five main stages which an individual may go through before coming into a decision. T hey are,* Problem recognition* Information search* Evaluation of alternatives* conclusion to leave or stay* Post- bargain for ratingTherefore the first stage is problem recognition and that is recognising there is a problem or issue to be answered by the employee. The problem arose can be triggered by internal influences, external influences or both.Once the main problem or problems are treasure by the employee he then moves into the next stage which is information search. For an example if the initial problem recognised by the employee is concerned with training and development opportunities offered by the organisation then through information search he would try to gather as much information as possible through various external and internal sources about what actions and steps he could take in order to gain the desired level of training.The next stage once sufficient information is gathered is the evaluation of alternatives. As per with training and development, the employee i n this stage will go through various possible courses to be taken and tax the rightness of those courses to his job and what help he could get from the organisation in order to take the course.The next stage of the process is the final decision of the employee to stay with the organisation or to leave. This is called the purchase decision and according to Kotler (2000, p 99) two factors can intervene between the purchase intention and purchase decision. The first factor is the attitudes of other people, which is what the others around think of the individuals decision. Influence of other people can become complex and vary when there are more than one persons involved. The second factor Kotler (2000,p 99) mentions is the unanticipated or unexpected situations and as per the above example of training and development, factors such as the recession and cost cutting measures by the organisation could hamper the employees aspiration of embarking on the course.The final stage of the dec ision making process is the post purchase evaluation which involves the employee evaluating the positives and negatives of the decision taken, and the possible consequences of it.This concept has a high degree of importance to HR even though it is widely used in marketing and regarded more as a marketing related concepHigh Staff Turnover in Hotel IndustryHigh Staff Turnover in Hotel IndustryHotels, catering and leisure industry in the UK remains the sector with the highest level of staff turnover, with all leavers in this category hitting 41%, according to a survey carried out by the CIPD (2008).Many organisations are badly affected by high levels of staff turnover and the survey identified that 74% of organisations in the UK, reported a negative impact on their business performance. This report also identified four main reasons that cause labour turnover. They are, change of career (55%), promotions outside of the company (45%), level of pay (41%) and lack of career development (33 %).Employee dissatisfaction caused by poor relationships with supervisors and line managers, undesirable working conditions and lack of career development and training opportunities are also seen as major factors that cause high staff turnover ( Griffeth, Hom and Gaertner 2000). As mentioned in an article published by the Adecco Institute (2008) skills shortage in the jobs market is seen as a major human resources challenge for the future and this is particularly true of the hospitality and leisure industry in the UK, as it has suffered from constant recruitment difficulties over the past so many years. Age positive carried out a survey in the year 2005 and according to the results of the survey nearly 40% of all vacancies in the hospitality industry were hard to fill and much of the problem has been caused by poor retention strategies implemented by organisations. Another factor identified by the survey with regard to why so many vacancies were hard to fill is the lack of necessary skills and abilities by potential applicants who apply for jobs in the hotel and hospitality industry. A similar percentage of employers who participated in the survey stated that applicants lack excellent communication skills required, and this is particularly true of receptionists, managers and administrators and this has created immense pressure on HR executives and managers to attract, manage and retain key talent within their organisation which is an essential factor in creating sustainable competitive advantage. The results and information unearthed from these surveys make it crystal clear that high levels of staff turnover is a major problem to all organisations and the HR department of an organisation has a key responsibility of closely monitor labour turnover levels and figures and make right steps in order to bring staff turnover to a manageable level and face the future with resistance.High levels of staff turnover in an organisation may compromise the quality and high s tandards of customer service, and may impact on the organisation loosing loyal customers, revenue and long term sustainability (Tracy and Hinkin, 2008). Once the well established staff leave a company it may not only increase the workload of the remaining staff members of the company, but would be difficult for the organisation to gain the same highest levels of service from the newly hired staff as they would still be in a period of learning their job, and other key tasks and responsibilities associated with the job. Furthermore when employees leave on a regular basis it creates extra workloads for the remaining staff and as a result they could become depressed with work and not be able to deliver their best performance on the job. This may further exacerbate the problem and may also result in staff getting absent from work regularly and their good health deteriorate.The article of Tracy and Hinkin (2008) also states financial implications for organisations as a result of high leve ls of staff turnover. The costs associated with replacing staff can be sorted into hard costs, soft costs, and opportunity costs. Hard costs are costs such as money spent on newspaper advertisements, adverts on recruitment agencies etc, and they have a direct impact on the organisation. Other elements such as the time it takes to interview new recruits, and time spent on exit interviews will not be shown in company account statements as they are regarded as soft costs. Opportunity costs such as missed customers and market shares, usually go unmeasured but can still be substantial and may also lower company profitability and competitor advantage of the organisation ( Simons and Hinkin 2001 cited Tracy.J and Hinkin.T, 2008).The following five are identified as major costs categories that contribute towards the total costs of replacing an employee. They are pre-departure, recruitment, selection, orientation and training, and lost productivity (Hinkin and Tracy 2007, 2006, cited Tracy.J and Hinkin.T,2008). The already high staff turnover rates in the hotel industry also reflects high turnover of newly selected staff who leave the company within their first 30 days because the job did not suit them (Woods,1997141). Does this mean possible issues with the prevailing recruitment and selection methods adopted by the hospitality sector organisations?According to the article by Tracy.J and Hinkin.T, only a few turnover studies have been so far carried out in the hotel and hospitality sector, despite reporting high levels of turnover every year. Therefore my literature review aims to conduct a much broader view of this issue by critically examining the current procedures and practices carried out by the High Beech Hotel UK and some of the other local selected competitor hotels, which may be associated with employee turnover. By doing so this study aims to understand the root causes of high levels of employee turnover of High Beech Hotel and propose solutions and recommen dations to overcome those issues. This research benefits High Beech Hotel in terms of minimising the unnecessary costs that may occur due to advertising, interviewing, training of new staff as well as improving the overall standard of the hotel.High Beech Hotel is a three start hotel located in beautiful Hastings area and is faced with stiff competition with many three to four star hotels operating in the area such as, The White Rock Hotel, Travelodge Hastings, The Hotel Undum and the Chatsworth Hotel.The High Beech Hotel is therefore fighting to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage and grow its market share. The opinions of the General Manager, Operations Manager and the HR manager prove that jobs in the industry are difficult in the area and finding the right talent for the right job and the retention of quality staff are major HR challenges currently faced by the hotel.The general manager of the hotel is new to her post and has already expressed concerns about the high st aff turnover. Turnover is high among front line staff, waiters and porters and the management has had few discussions to find the reasons why staff left, and find out ways to resolve the problem. I having worked at the hotel as an HR executive (placement student) managed to gain a good understanding of the high turnover and the possible effects the turnover levels have had on the existing staff.Literature reviewLabour turnover is the rate at which staff leaves an organisation and are replaced by new employees. Too high a labour turnover rate may mean that there is something unsatisfactory about working for the organisation and that action therefore would need to be taken (Adams et al, 1993)Denver and McMahon (1992143) defined labour turnover as the movement of people into and out of employment within an organisation and can both be voluntary and involuntary. Eade (1993) further categorises turnover into management controllable and unavoidable turnover.Labour turnover index is used t o measure staff turnover and according to Armstrong (2001) labour turnover rates provide a valuable means to benchmarking the effectiveness of HR policies and practices in organisations.The hotel industry is essentially comprised of both a production and a service aspect and the creation and rendering of services from the hotel to the customer are mainly achieved through employees. Therefore the industry is essentially represented by people (Lewis 1989 Thompson and Abbott, 1990 Schneider , 1993) and is considered as one of the most labour intensive industries. Turnover in the hotel industry in the UK has been shown to be unacceptably high (Kennedy and Berger, 1994), averaging as much as 200% to 300% per year. Statistically this means that the entire workforce of the industry turns over two to three times per year. The main factors identified, that could impact on turnover are, orientation and good socialisation procedures (Kennedy and Berger 1994, Woods, 1992), ad-hoc recruitment an d selection (Benn and Farbringer, 1992, Woods and Macaulay, 1989 Wagner, 1991 Wheelhouse, 1989), discrimination at the workplace (Antolik,1993), lack of training and development opportunities (Hogan, 1992 rowden,1995), organisation culture (Woods and Macaulay, 1998) shortage of skills in the labour market (Debrah, 1994 Woods, 1992), high levels of work related stress ( Vallen,1993Woods, 1992 Ham and Griffeth, 1995), seasonal nature of the industry ( Boella, 1998) and job dissatisfaction ( Bonn and Frbringer, 1992).All of these factors have contributed towards high levels of staff turnover in the hotel industry and it is clear that the success of the industry depends upon taking necessary steps to reduce the above mentioned issues, and problems, and the calibre of employees, and how well they are managed (Nankervis and Debroh, 1995 Berger and Ghel, 1995). Deery and Iverson, (1996) commented that high degree of staff turnover levels consist of recruitment and replacement costs, and re gular and loyal customers switching to other competitor hotels as they expect to see their favourite staff members.It is clear labour costs play a major part in the industry and high staff turnover is seen as a prime issue hampering the smooth functioning of hotel and organisations within the hospitality industry (Obrien and McDonnell 2003). Deery and Iverson (1996) examined the employee turnover phenomenal and found that high turnover resulted in organisations loosing revenue and profits. They also argued that high turnover, especially when skilled staff leave, contributes to lowering the employee morale and the overall ability of teams within the organisations to get quality work done.Therefore the retention of skilled and well trained staff in any hospitality organisation is important to save unnecessary tangible and intangible costs as well as retaining regular and loyal customers and to provide them with a quality service. It is clear from the arguments put forward by the above mentioned authors and scholars but Despite an array of academic evidence and research on labour turnover the question to be asked is do management of hospitality sector organisations understand the gravity of the issue of staff turnover, and its negative effects on the performance of the organisation and how far they are willing to go to retain the valuable staff. At a time of difficult economic times it is imperative and organisation takes measures to outperform its competitors and any hospitality sector organisation that understands the value of human capital and adopt good HRM policies and management practices in pursuit of employee retention will inevitably outperform the competition (Cho et al., 2006, Hinkin and Tracy, 2000).Staff leaving on a regular basis involves heavy administration costs and a loss of productivity through the breaking up of teams who are used to working together (Denvir and McMohan, 1992144). Therefore the critical importance of employees staying with an organisation is evident (Brayfield and Crockett, 1995 Cho et al, 2006). It is clear that satisfied and highly motivated employees stay with the organisation which in turn helps the company to reduce unnecessary recruitment and selection costs which could amount to a substantial amount of money, but also produce high quality work which helps the organisation to achieve competitive advantage and increase its profits (Cho et al., 2006 Hinkin and Tracey, 2000).Exit interviews are a great method of collecting information as to why employees leave an organisation. Employees leave for various reasons ranging from lack of employee oriented organisational measures such as succession planning, pay , non-financial rewards, work life balance and undesirable working conditions as well as more personal reasons such as inability to look after their children, other child welfare issues and transport problems. This can also vary depending on how long they have worked for the company and it is a comm on factor as evident from the High Beech Hotel, and that staff leaves because they soon found out that the job did not suit them. Some other staff members leave after serving the organisation after serving a considerable amount of time and their issues could very well be different to people leaving early. According to the CIPD (2007) costs an organisation approximately 3500 pounds every time an employee leaves and as stated earlier these costs include both tangible costs and intangible costs such as time spent on interviewing new recruits and these often go unreported in company accounts.Denver and McMahon (1992146) also found out that individual hotel organisations experience different levels of turnover, which helps to confirm that staff turnover is partly within the control of the hotel management. This also contradicts with the common acceptance that staff turnover is high and uniform throughout the industry and uncontrollable.Therefore it is evident that high levels of staff tu rnover is harmful to the smooth functioning of any organisation, may it be in the hospitality sector or some other sector and hinders the efficient operation of the business resulting in the hotel gradually losing its market share. Therefore it is important that the hospitality sector organisations develop effective and vibrant HRM policies that enable them to successfully recruit, select and retain skilled and efficient employees, who would contribute towards the achievement of the corporate objectives of the business.Factors influence on high Labour Turnover.The hotel industry in the UK is constantly troubled with high staff turnover resulting in increased personnel costs arise from recruitment and selection of new staff, training them (Ham and Griffeth, 1995). There is a strong negative relationship between turnover and organisational commitment which indicates that staff with low levels of commitment and loyalty are more likely to withdraw from the organisation than more committ ed staff (Johnston et, 1993). He also identified a positive relationship between organisational commitment and career progression opportunities given to employees through internal promotions and succession planning. These employees who are given opportunities to progress up the ladder, exhibit higher levels of organisational commitment, and loyalty and results in skilled staff retention and a gradual decline of low performing employees. This makes it much easier for HR managers to successfully identify low performing employees and eliminate them from the work force which is important and a good for the success of the company as this turnover is considered healthy.Another key factor which may influence staff turnover is the gender difference and certain problems it creates within the organisation. Female workers have different responsibilities to their male counterparts and may value work life balance more as a result. The pressures of work and life, has resulted in more female worke rs leaving their jobs than male workers (Doherty and Manfredi, 200662). In most hotels it can be seen female workers working in the bottom of the organisation hierarchy and the pay gap between males and female workers has been a much talked about issue in the UK. Iverson (2000) conducted a study in the USA involving hotel establishments and found that female managers earn much less than the male managers doing the same job which is commonly seen in the UK and this has resulted in, female workers being reluctant to return to work after their maternity leave. On top of this, most organisations have failed to assist their female workers to arrange necessary child care arrangements which have aggravated the number of female workers leaving their job. As per above authors the reluctance of female workers to return to work may also be caused by factors such as stress, work dissatisfaction, lack of commitment and low promotion opportunities coupled with a poor organisation culture that doe s not provide a platform to encourage female workers to move up the career ladder. Therefore the problems and issues female workers face in the workplace is clear and applicable in hospitality sector organisations, and it is very important the HR department address these issues and understand why many female workers leave their jobs early. Organisation culture, average age of the total labour force of the organisation, gender and racial composition and male-female pay gaps are among the reasons why employees leave (Bennett et al, 1993).Prospective employees when joining an organisation look into a number of factors such as career development opportunities, total reward policy and work life balance. Lack of incentives is therefore a main reason why many employees leave their jobs after some time. Incentives include both financial and nonfinancial and employees may simply want praise for their good work and lack of recognition could seriously hamper employee retention. Ritz Carlton ho tel in London, has managed to reduce employee turnover to a significant level by focusing on quality recruitment, providing better training and development opportunities and by forming a positive psychological contract with the employees, and also by creating long term incentive and reward systems ( Barky, 1996). Therefore it is fair to assume that to a large extent organisation HRM practices, policies and procedures determine staff turnover.Organisation policies and lack of employee oriented practices and procedures may not only be the sole reason why many organisations particularly in the hospitality industry experience high level of staff turnover.Another factor that affects turnover is the ability of staff to carry out their tasks and responsibilities up to the required standard and the job performance of employees largely affects staff turnover and this is also confirmed by a study conducted by Jewell and Siegal (1990). They found that employees having very high levels of on-th e-job performance are highly unlikely to leave their job in contrast with employees with low levels of performance. High performing employees are confident in their job and have better work related knowledge and skills. Low pay, lack of training and career development opportunities, lack of regular and realistic performance appraisals and undesired work environments are among the key reasons that cause low performance which in-turn result in high staff turnover. Therefore it is clear HR professionals in hotel establishments must pay very close attention to developing employee oriented HRM policies and practices that help staff achieve their full potential. To name a few these HR policies and practices are training and development opportunities open management communication systems, employee welfare such as child care, flexible working, transport assistant to employees and a comprehensive induction programme that helps new recruits to adopt well to their new roles.When analysing the hospitality and hotel industry in particular it has been found that most organisations have a poor reputation for providing good staff training and development opportunities (Maxwell et al, 2004). High staff turnover in most hospitality sector industries may have also led managers to be reluctant to providing staff with opportunities to further develop their careers fearing they may leave after that ( Davies et al, 2001, Jameson, 2000 Lowey et al, 2002). High staff turnover also causes managers to be occupied with recruitment and selection activity as well as grievance issues, and this may also be a reason for them not to have sufficient time to focus on staff development and talent management. Training and development and staff retention has a close match as poorly trained staff are less satisfied with work and may leave quicker and more than fully trained and highly satisfied staff. Therefore training and development directly affects job satisfaction and organisational commitment (Lam and Zhang, 2003, Taylor et al, 2001, Lowry et al, 2002).Working hours is another key factor that causes employees to leave and most hospitality sector organisations, because of high staff turnover may require remaining staff to work extra hours on a regular basis. Long working hours without breaks are against the working time regulations as well as current health and safety rules and Female workers are largely affected by this practice because of their family commitments and a research conducted by Erdogan (199626) revealed long working hours are among the main reasons for many female workers to quit their jobs. There has also been an increase of single parent families and long hours and unsocial working hours have forced females to leave their jobs. This not only creates staff to leave but unfriendly working hours coupled with a poor corporate and work culture and a hostile working environment of the organisation , may affect the job satisfaction of female workers and even if they remain with the job their work could be highly unproductive and suffer from work related stress. Despite the fact that many researchers and academics stressing the importance of a good organisation work environment that provides employees oriented HR measures to achieve these goals and objectives many organisations still suffer from high levels of staff turnover and female staff turnover as evident from research findings. All of the above stated factors and elements contribute to employee dissatisfaction and it is a result of various internal and external factors that were mentioned above.Labour turnover of High Beech HotelHigh Beech Hotel had a newly appointed general manager and she has been investigating the reasons for the high staff turnover levels of the hotel over the past three years and has had several discussions with the operations manager and the HR manager of the company. Unfortunately no proper investigation has not been done so far to find out the possible causes of staff turnover but the management in consultation with the company HR records and turnover figures has assumed the reasons as job dissatisfaction, long and unfriendly working hours, pay issues, lack of training and development opportunities for staff, issues with working condition and other personal issues of staff such as work life balance.Importance of HR practices and concepts in relation to staff retention and turnoverHRM plays a vital part in creating a sustainable competitive advantage for any organisation, and forward looking organisations adopt good HR policies and practices to ensure the smooth functioning of the organisation (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997 Stewart, 1997 Verma and Dewe, 2008). Research studies have confirmed that well defined organisational goals and corporate objectives directly influence employee retention and productivity. Kim et al, (2005) in their study on corporate orientation found that organisational direction and support had a significant impact on employee job satisfaction and overall commitment.ORGANISATIONAL INITIATIVESThe organisational HR initiatives as mentioned above, illustrate how internal factors and forces contribute towards employee retention. The model does not mention about external forces such as local and national competition in the labour market, economic situation, globalisation and international competition which affects attracting skilled employees to various jobs. It can be seen that this model covers the internal factors and reasons that affect staff retention or turnover and it is critically important for an organisation and HR professionals to pay close attention to the factors mentioned under the model to critically assess where they stand as an organisation and take steps to implement those HR practices and policies to retain talented staff ( Horwitz et al, 2003 Steel et al, 2002). These internal HR policies and practices are bundled under the term retention management and it is defined as the abilit y to hold onto those employees an organisation would want to keep, for longer than the competitors (Johnson,2000 cited De Vos and Meganck,2007). The external factors should not be neglected at the same time because there may be times employees may leave an organisation due to their influences.The impact of financial and non-financial rewards cannot be undermined and play a critical role in motivating skilled and valued employees and retaining them within the organisation. Financial rewards such as a good basic pay combined with performance related pay and non-financial rewards such as training and development opportunities, initiatives to achieve work life balance for staff and other employee retention initiatives such as a pensions scheme and internal promotions motivate staff and force them to think again before quitting their jobs (Horwitz et al,2003De Vos and Meganck, 2007).When analysing the theories and ides put forward by the above mentioned academics and scholars it is evide nt they focused on retaining highly skilled employees and researched to find out the possible reasons why valued employees leave organisations. This is being described as retention management and the word retention embraces with other HR practices such as recruitment and selection, development of employees to achieve their full potential and succession management (Lewis and Heckmanp 2006140).HR Practices and the importance of Human PsychologyHRM involves all management decision and practices that directly affects other people, or human resources, who work for the organisation. The question that arises is that despite the fact that many organisations including the hospitality and hotel industry, implement all accepted HR practices and procedures, why employees still leave and the staff turnover rates are extremely high. A good understanding of the implications of human psychology would help HR managers to find the root causes to this problem.Psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced his concept of hierarchy of needs in 1943 which suggests that people are motivated to fulfil their basic human needs before moving on to other needs. The hierarchy of needs is displayed as a pyramid and the lowest level of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are at the top. The needs located at the bottom are the most basic human needs and as people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Therefore when it comes to employees staying or leaving a particular organisation which stage the employee is in could play a vital role in his or her decision making process. At the core this theory of Maslow suggests that when an individual satisfies one set of needs they always try to move into the other level.This makes it critically important for HR professionals in the hospitality organisations how this theory of Maslow affects individual employees and how it influences an individuals decision about him staying or lea ving the organisation. When an individual joins an organisation the first concern is to organise his life in-terms of food shelter and other essential psychological needs through wages and salary. The next concern would be job security and personal health and safety in the job. Once those needs are satisfied the employee would move in to the other set of needs which are social needs such as friendly colleagues and staff as well as a desirable working environment. After this comes the next stage which is satisfying the esteem needs which is comprised of individual being recognised for his work and valued by the management of the organisation as well as taking full advantage of any courses and exams they could take to get promoted. Once this set of needs are fully satisfied the employee reaches the stage of self actualisation.Therefore to satisfy the individual employee needs the HR executives working in hospitality sector organisations must understand the needs of employees and aim t o provide tailor made HR solutions in line with the corporate strategy of the company. In order to accomplish this, the HR managers must have accurate methods and procedures to understand which stage the employee is in his hierarchy of needs because if this is not done or if the right methods and procedures are not in place there will inevitably be a contradiction. For an example the HR managers may direct their full efforts into satisfying the esteem needs of employees through individual recognition and internal promotions at work when the employees are seeking safety needs. This would result in a waste of company resources and employees considering leaving the organisation.Individuals decision making processAn individuals decision making process is comprised of a number of internal and external variables as shown below and the final decision makes by an individual employee is made up of a collection of those internal and external variables. This model is highly useful in understan ding an employees decision making in an organisation (Kotler, 2000, p98).As seen the model is comprised of five main stages which an individual may go through before coming into a decision. They are,* Problem recognition* Information search* Evaluation of alternatives* Decision to leave or stay* Post- purchase evaluationTherefore the first stage is problem recognition and that is recognising there is a problem or issue to be answered by the employee. The problem arose can be triggered by internal influences, external influences or both.Once the main problem or problems are recognised by the employee he then moves into the next stage which is information search. For an example if the initial problem recognised by the employee is concerned with training and development opportunities offered by the organisation then through information search he would try to gather as much information as possible through various external and internal sources about what actions and steps he could take i n order to gain the desired level of training.The next stage once sufficient information is gathered is the evaluation of alternatives. As per with training and development, the employee in this stage will go through various possible courses to be taken and evaluate the appropriateness of those courses to his job and what help he could get from the organisation in order to take the course.The next stage of the process is the final decision of the employee to stay with the organisation or to leave. This is called the purchase decision and according to Kotler (2000, p 99) two factors can intervene between the purchase intention and purchase decision. The first factor is the attitudes of other people, which is what the others around think of the individuals decision. Influence of other people can become complex and varied when there are more than one persons involved. The second factor Kotler (2000,p 99) mentions is the unanticipated or unexpected situations and as per the above exampl e of training and development, factors such as the recession and cost cutting measures by the organisation could hamper the employees aspiration of embarking on the course.The final stage of the decision making process is the post purchase evaluation which involves the employee evaluating the positives and negatives of the decision taken, and the possible consequences of it.This concept has a high degree of importance to HR even though it is widely used in marketing and regarded more as a marketing related concep